Don Pepe :: essays research papers fc

Like Castro, Gueverra, and Sandino, Jose Figueres Ferrer holds a spot as one of the most significant progressive and political powers in Latin American history. This alleged “father of present day Costa Rica'; drove his nation to upheaval and inevitable majority rules system. Referred to lovingly as “Don Pepe'; by his admirers, Figueres was both an adversary of socialist and a thistle in the side of the United States. While putting down a socialist system and aligning himself reliably with the U.S., Figueres was likewise a solid communist and patriot and would end up being a mystery to U.S. strategy producers during his terms as president. Notwithstanding the recognition and appreciation that Figueres delighted in, an a lot darker side to his organization just as an obvious duality in his dealings with the U.S. what's more, vote based system itself is found in his political history. Â Â Â Â Â Following a period of majority rules system in Costa Rica, in the mid 40’s, at that point president Rafael Calderon aligned himself with the Costa Rican socialist gathering, Vanguardia Popular just as the Nicaraguan tyrant Somoza. Figueres would then give a radio discourse despising Calderon and his activities which would prompt Figueres’ outcast to Mexico in 1942. (Cockcroft, 232) Figueres returned in 1944, and a supposed fixing of the 1948 Costa Rican political race was the window that he had been hanging tight for. Upheld by the administrations of Guatemala, Cuba, and the U.S., Figueres and his Army of National Liberation would compel the acquiescence of President Picado, a manikin of Calderon, and the Vanguardia powers, Figueres would hold onto control of Costa Rica as the leader of the progressive junta for eighteen months. Control was then gone over to the legitimate champ of the 1948 political race, and Figueres would return for three terms as president, the first in 1953 and the last start in 1970. (Longley, 3) Â Â Â Â Â During his between time term following the unrest and his ensuing terms as president, Figueres would initiate various changes that would bulldoze Costa Rican majority rules system. Wear Pepe started by broadening testimonial and full political rights to blacks and ladies, a specific vote based move. He at that point established a 10% duty on the well off, which had no significant backfire politically in Costa Rica because of the shockingly huge white collar class. Figueres additionally settled a presidential term limit and made a free Electoral Tribunal to regulate future decisions. In maybe his generally stunning and discussed order, Figueres disbanded the administration armed force, consequently shielding himself from the chance of an insane military. Wear Pepe :: papers research papers fc Like Castro, Gueverra, and Sandino, Jose Figueres Ferrer holds a spot as one of the most significant progressive and political powers in Latin American history. This supposed “father of present day Costa Rica'; drove his nation to upset and possible majority rule government. Referred to warmly as “Don Pepe'; by his admirers, Figueres was both an adversary of socialist and a thistle in the side of the United States. While putting down a socialist system and aligning himself reliably with the U.S., Figueres was likewise a solid communist and patriot and would end up being a riddle to U.S. strategy creators during his terms as president. Regardless of the recognition and profound respect that Figueres delighted in, an a lot darker side to his organization just as an obvious duality in his dealings with the U.S. what's more, popular government itself is found in his political history. Â Â Â Â Â Following a period of majority rules system in Costa Rica, in the mid 40’s, at that point president Rafael Calderon aligned himself with the Costa Rican socialist gathering, Vanguardia Popular just as the Nicaraguan despot Somoza. Figueres would then give a radio discourse abhorring Calderon and his activities which would prompt Figueres’ outcast to Mexico in 1942. (Cockcroft, 232) Figueres returned in 1944, and a supposed fixing of the 1948 Costa Rican political decision was the window that he had been hanging tight for. Bolstered by the legislatures of Guatemala, Cuba, and the U.S., Figueres and his Army of National Liberation would compel the acquiescence of President Picado, a manikin of Calderon, and the Vanguardia powers, Figueres would hold onto control of Costa Rica as the leader of the progressive junta for eighteen months. Control was then gone over to the legitimate victor of the 1948 political race, and Figueres would return for three terms as president, the first in 1953 and the last start in 1970. (Longley, 3) Â Â Â Â Â During his break term following the transformation and his resulting terms as president, Figueres would establish various changes that would bulldoze Costa Rican vote based system. Wear Pepe started by broadening testimonial and full political rights to blacks and ladies, a specific fair move. He at that point organized a 10% expense on the extremely rich, which had no impressive backfire politically in Costa Rica because of the shockingly enormous white collar class. Figueres additionally settled a presidential term limit and made an autonomous Electoral Tribunal to administer future races. In maybe his generally stunning and discussed order, Figueres disbanded the administration armed force, in this way shielding himself from the chance of a crazy military.

Economies of Latin America-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Compose a report on the advancement way of the two nations of Latin America. Answer: Presentation Latin America is characterized as the gathering of countries in the two landmasses of America, with a power of Portuguese and Spanish. The gathering comprises of numerous nations with fluctuating degree of financial condition. Until 1980s, the economy of Latin America was for the most part dependent on the financial arrangement of import replacement. This approach had helped in the development of the local economy and residential organizations. Be that as it may, this approach additionally decreased the universal seriousness of the local business and expanded the obligation emergency of the countries. By 1990s, the mainland changed to free market economy framework. This brought about paying off the obligation emergency and built up the ventures of agribusiness, mining and ranger service (Oecd.org 2015). Among the countries, Columbia and Argentina are two greatest economies in Latin America. Both the nations have exhibited development possibilities and financial extensions. The economy of Argentina is the third biggest in the Latin America and second biggest in the South America. The economy depends on a rich wellspring of characteristic assets, significant level of education, trade based agrarian industry and expanded ventures. Then again, Colombia is simply behind Argentina in the position of biggest economies of Latin America. This is additionally trade based economy, oil being the significant fare item, trailed by assembling (reports.weforum.org 2015). The speculation choice on any economy relies upon numerous elements. Significantly the macroeconomic elements of a country impact the venture choices. The component of political and financial vulnerabilities, load of capital and different assets, salary level of the nation, level of fluid resource, total interest, populace development, government approaches, and numerous such monetary variables decide the degree of residential and global interests in the country. Henceforth, while making an interest in a country of Latin America, the decision of the country relies upon such full scale financial components. For this situation, the decision among Columbia and Argentina relies upon the financial and political states of the nations and their development possibilities. The social factors additionally assume a significant job in venture choices, for example, the crime percentage, instruction level of the residents, way of life and so forth. The countries must be contrasted all together wit h take an official choice about the ventures (Hatch and Howland 2015). Correlation of the nations Economy of Argentina Argentina is one of the most evolved countries in the Latin America. It is a high pay economy with the second situation among the South American economies and third situation among the Latin American economies. In 2016, the ostensible GDP of Argentina was USD 545.9 billion (World Bank 2017). The significant divisions contributing in the development of the GDP are Agriculture, angling and ranger service (6%), mining (3.6%), fabricating (17.2%), development (5.6%), transport, utilities and correspondence (7.9%), government (9.5%), and business, social and different administrations (33.3%). The nation has confronted a swelling pace of 21.9% by June 2017, which is very higher contrasted with the created nations. Practically 32.2% individuals lives beneath the neediness line. The economy of Argentina is send out based. In 2015, the absolute fare of the nation was $56.76 billion and the fundamental fare accomplices are Brazil, China and the United States. The nation imported merchandise wo rth of $57.18 billion out of 2015, and the significant import accomplices were Brazil, United States, China and Germany. The key fares are oil, gas, corn, vehicles, wheat and soybeans, and the imported items are apparatus, engine vehicles, natural synthetic substances, plastics, oil and flammable gas (Arboleda and Gonzalez 2016). Economy of Colombia Colombia is another biggest economy of South just as Latin America. In 2016, the ostensible GDP of Colombia was 282.5 billion USD (World Bank 2017). The degree of expansion is 4.77% in 2017, which is at a moderate level and not as much as that in Argentina. The significant areas are materials, oil, food preparing, synthetic substances, attire, footwear, concrete, coal, gold, emeralds, home machine, hardware, and shipbuilding. The nation sent out products worth of $55 billion of every 2014, and imported merchandise of $53.8 billion. The fundamental fare products are oil, coal, nickel, clothing, TVs, cell phones, PCs, steel, synthetic concoctions, emeralds, bananas, attire and so on and import items are mechanical hardware, buyer merchandise, synthetic compounds, paper items, fills, power and transportation gear. The key exchange accomplices are United States, Canada, EU, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Netherlands, China, Mexico, Brazil, and Germany (Tabares, Alvarez and Urbano 2015). Gross domestic product correlation of the two nations Figure 1: GDP correlation of the two nations, 2005-2016 (Source: World Bank 2017) The chart above portrays the development of economies of the two nations in the previous decades. It very well may be seen that, both the economies developed fundamentally, particularly 2010 onwards; notwithstanding, the degree of development of Argentina was higher than that of Colombia. Upper hand Seriousness of a country is reliant on the limit of the businesses to redesign and enhance, and the organizations gain the favorable circumstances against the contenders because of challenge and weight. After some time, the opposition has moved more towards creation, development and digestion of the information. Consequently, upper hand is produced and continued through a limited procedure. Nations increase upper hand in certain ventures, in which they can make specialization. Subsequently, a country can't be serious in all ventures. In the ventures, where the country can create most proficiently and at lower cost than the contenders, intensity is picked up (Wagner III and Hollenbeck 2014). Worldwide Competitive Index (GCI) measures the impact of the essential components, adding to the conditions for intensity of a country, with a particular spotlight on the macroeconomic condition, institutional characteristics, supporting framework and innovation (Huggins et al. 2014). As indicated by WEF Global Competitive Index of 2016-17, Argentina holds 104th position, and Colombia holds 61st position. In the rundown of 2015-16, Colombia was similarly situated, while Argentina was at 106th position. In this manner, from 2015 to 2016, Argentina has improved its upper hand contrasted with Colombia (WEF 2017). On the off chance that the fares and imports of the nations are examined, at that point the territories of upper hand can be comprehended. WEF has characterized intensity as a lot of arrangements, foundations, and components deciding the efficiency of a country. This thusly decides the pace of profit for the interests in the economy. Speculations drive the development pace of a nation, and a serious economy draws more ventures and becomes quicker. The 12 mainstays of intensity are, Institutions, Infrastructure, Macroeconomic condition, Health and Primary instruction, Higher training and preparing, Goods advertise proficiency, Labor showcase productivity, money related market advancement, Technological status, Market size, Business Sophistication, and Innovation (reports.weforum.org 2015). WEF additionally characterized five phases of advancement and weighted file for estimating the development and upper hand position of the nations, in view of the 12 columns. The stages are grouped based on the idea of development. In stage 1, the development is primarily factor driven and the countries contend based on factor gifts. In Stage 2, development is proficiency driven and in Stage 3, the development is advancement driven. There are two progress organizes in the middle of these 3 phases. The grouping of the nations occurs based on two conditions. Right off the bat, level of per capita GDP at the market conversion scale and furthermore, the reliance on the asset segment than on the salary (Gaportal.org 2017). As per those stages, Colombia is in stage 2, which is productivity driven, and Argentina is in the progress stage from stage 2 to organize 3, where stage 3 indicates the stage that is advancement driven. Thus, it very well may be said that, Colombias development is subject to the effectiveness of the elements and assets, while Argentina is somewhat more evolved than Colombia. Its development is produced from progress of assets being effective and moving towards being creative. Nonetheless, the GCI positioning and score is preferred for Colombia over for Argentina because of different government arrangements to improve intensity (WEF 2017). The sub-records of GCI are Basic Requirements, Efficiency Enhancers and Innovation and Sophistication factors. The GCI table additionally contains Rank and Score of the countries. In the 2016-17 Global Competitiveness Report by WEF, Argentina scored 3.81 out of 7. The normal score of the country was 3.87 from 2007 to 2017 (Tradingeconomics.com 2017). In 2016, Argentina went up the position by two positions. This is driven by development and complexity components, which reflect better readiness of the country to adjust to the evolving condition. The establishments quality improved because of better assurance of the licensed innovation and increasingly effective purview. The training quality and productivity of the merchandise showcase reflect indications of advancement. The improvement in both the score and rank came after the new organization executed expansive monetary and social changes in an unfavorable macroeconomic setting, that is, Brazils downturn. Brazil is the fundamental ex changing accomplice of Argentina, and low ware costs, high expansion, and modifications in utility levies have made challenges for the change to stream towards a market situated model. Be that as it may, development is relied upon to go along because of serious changes, despite the fact that purchaser notion is frail (weforum.org 2016). In 2016-17, Colombia positioned 61 and scored 4.30 out of 7 in the Global Competitiveness Rep

The Negative Effects of Social Networking Sites on Teens Thesis

The Negative Effects of Social Networking Sites on Teens - Thesis Example There are various potential negative ramifications of this wonder for youths and guardians. For me, in view of my perceptions, two of these negative impacts are major. First concerns wellbeing. There are numerous cases, as we generally find in the news, where sexual wrongdoers have been effective finding youngsters through the private data posted in their interpersonal interaction profiles. Data that these adolescents think would just be of significance for or for the utilization of their loved ones can be gotten to by outsiders with destructive results. Second concerns business openings later on. Bosses find ominous data about the past of the person as s/he looks for work. Damaging data could be posted that awful individuals could change to hurt the person’s notoriety. Essentially, a few examinations have uncovered youthful wellbeing concerns brought about by online exploitation and compromising sexual sales (Romm-Livermore and Setzekorn, 2009). These perilous sexual sales ta kes places when young people are welcome to participate in sexual association or sexual connections or to give private sexual data. This is affirmed to me by one of my companions who revealed to me that a little youngster convinced him to remove his garments before the webcam. Online exploitation is recognized by mortifying or adversarial comments or articulations posted about a young person on the Internet. As described by one of the young people I met for this paper, â€Å"A cohort made an awful joke by posting things about me on Facebook and spreading bits of gossip about me having sexual association with various folks in visit rooms. These folks are all out aliens to me, I don't have any acquaintance with them. She began doing this when I got... As the paper pronounces person to person communication destinations have in actuality characteristic constructive and pessimistic ramifications. Clearly, these are sites open to the intrusive open. Individuals from varying backgrounds can access and use them. There are various potential negative ramifications of this wonder for youths and guardians. For me, in light of my perceptions, two of these negative impacts are major. First concerns wellbeing. There are numerous occurrences, as we generally find in the news, where sexual guilty parties have been effective finding adolescents through the private data posted in their long range informal communication profiles. This paper focuses on that data that these youths think would just be of significance for or for the utilization of their loved ones can be gotten to by outsiders with hurtful results. Second concerns business openings later on. Managers find troublesome data about the past of the person as s/he looks for business. Damaging data could be posted that terrible individuals could change to hurt the person’s notoriety. Online exploitation is associated with existing together psychosocial challenges and passionate issues. Certainly, the shirking of these negative encounters is significantly essential. Regardless of whether current suggestions to control or in different manners demoralize adolescents from partaking in online long range informal communication are a basic endeavor in doing has still to be exactly and deliberately considered.

The Impact Of Technology On The Music Industry - 1845 Words

Countless people are always saying that today’s music is trash. It’s repetitive and oversimplified, and all because of this new music technology constantly being developed. A listener rarely hears a piece of music that has not been touched by technology, but this isn’t necessarily a bad thing. These people fail to realize that the theory of music technology has been around since the 1700’s when Mozart invented a game using a die to compose music by chance (Baggi). It is also important to realize the true of meaning of technology to society, and while there may be drawbacks, there are benefits that far outweigh them. The role of technology in music is largely beneficial to society due to the fact that it increases accessibility to both artists and listeners and allows for musical innovation. With constantly developing music technology, the music industry is more accessible to artists and listeners than ever before. Before recording and production technology was easily accessible to the average person, making a record was a major process. It could cost upwards of $15,000 to get into a studio and record music, and even more to produce and sell it (Broussard). Today, with GarageBand, Audacity, and Studio One amongst a lot of other software, anyone can be a composer. It doesn’t cost thousands of dollars; in fact, it doesn’t have to cost anything to produce music. This benefits the artist in terms of both cost and experience. Artists who know what they’re doing with technology andShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Its Impact On The Music Industry Essay2573 Words   |  11 Pages Technology and Its Impact on the Music Industry Name College Technology and its Impact on the Music Industry Introduction The creation of musical works has always been culminated by several different processes and usually involves many people. The process takes a lot of time delaying the release of music. Advancement in technology has played a significant role in the music production by lowering the length of time it takes to produce recorded material. Artists usually sign a contractRead MoreImpact Of Technology On The Music Industry1933 Words   |  8 PagesOver the years, music has become portable, starting with the transistor to a set of headphones. Technology has allowed us to create a diverse musical culture. Music will always have an effect on one’s culture, and it has definitely mad a huge impact on the use of technology. Cultural diversity is about bringing people closer together though the World Wide Web. Many music publishers are the key to cultural diversity when it comes to publishing all genres. They will increasingly continue to play aRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Musi c Industry Essay2587 Words   |  11 PagesTechnology: The Significant Impacts on the Music Industry It’s intriguing how the music industry has significantly changed throughout the years due to the constant increase of technology. There are many different reasons to show how technology has made a huge impact whether positive or negative on this phenomenal industry. Music cultivates so much meaning to the world, and speaks volumes on the behalf of individuals when they don’t know what to physically say. That being said, whether it’s listeningRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Music Industry Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology has brought many advantageous opportunities to the music industry in the area of production and distribution. Besides popular and valuable instruments such as the electric guitar and the synthesizer, technology has brought us new production equipment such as high-fidelity microphones, re-mastering equipment and CD-ROMs that provide us with a crystal-clear sound of the recording. The development of these equipment has allowed the audience to experience a higher quality of sound coming fromRead MoreImpact Of Technology On The Music Industry1414 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopments within the music industry are seemingly frequent and numerous due to diversity and the various issues faced. For a sector that consistently adapts to demand, it was logical to decipher a development which not only alters significant factors within the industry, but also a development which endures (and even encourages) smaller advancements. The increase in readily available technology has had a significant effect on the music industry. Unlike other developments, advancing technology is constantRead MoreImpact Of Technology On The Music Industry Essay1139 Words   |  5 PagesCreating music has likewise turned out to be more open and more moderate with a few specialists recording work in their home, or enlisting out a recording studio for a day. Luke Henderson of Fluke Productions, a recording studio in London perceives that contrast ed and a quarter century, it is much simpler for craftsmen to kick begin their profession. When a track is transferred to the web it can be gotten to by individuals over the world on the off chance that they know where to look. 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The Group have recorded a top 10 hit on the Top 40 UK Singles Chart in 2008 from their debut album â€Å"Started a Fire†. From your debut album Started a Fire, you had a top 10 hit with â€Å"Just For Tonight†. What did it take you to get to the point? How did you market and promote your band to get to this point, did itRead MoreThe Effect Of Digital Technology On The Music Industry1442 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ The effect of digital technology on the music industry Nowadays, teenagers are living constantly surrounded by technology. Even if the younger generation may not see it, technology has had an impact on different factors. The widespread use of digital technology in the music industry has allowed consumers to reproduce digital versions of copyrighted songs inexpensively, with the help of many software and websites. There has been an increase in digital copying activities and those are most ofRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of The Performance1749 Words   |  7 PagesMichael Jackson could rake in half a billion dollars† (Sherwell, 2014). With such profit potential, it is likely that the popularity of holograms will increase among event organisers. Arguably, technology does increase the ease of making a profit in some aspects. A current issue within the industry stems from ticket resale websites. In the circumstances of popular artists, tickets can sell out in minutes only to be resold for dramatically increased prices. â€Å"Tickets for Brand New’s June tour sold

Common Mistakes in English A Little vs. a Few

The quantifiers a little, little, a few, and few are often used interchangeably in English. However, there is a difference based on whether the object specified is countable or uncountable. The use of the indefinite article a  also changes the meaning of these important words. A Little - A Few / Little - Few A little and little refer to non-count nouns, and are  used with the singular form: Examples: Theres little wine left in the bottle.Ive put a little sugar into your coffee. A few and few refer to count nouns, and are used with the plural form: Examples: There are a few students in that classroom.He says few applicants have presented themselves. A little and a few convey a positive meaning. Examples: Ive got a little wine left, would you like some?Theyve got a few positions open. Little and few convey a negative meaning. Examples: Hes got little money left.I have few friends in Chicago.

The Big, Bad, Socialism Bug - 1280 Words

Sarah Bresnahan Dr. Hibbett English 200 September 23, 2015 The Big, Bad, Socialism Bug A known socialist, Franz Kafka was especially taken with Karl Marx’s theory of alienation. The theory states that people lose their humanity as a consequence of living in divided social classes. The worker needs the labor to live, and misses out on intrinsic human needs; the worker is a worker first, a human being second (Fay). This concept is what frames The Metamorphosis: A man loses his humanity through unfulfilling work, and while losing his ability to perform the unfulfilling work, he withers away into nothingness. After Gregor awakes to find himself transformed into a giant insect, he assumes himself just tired from working as a travelling salesman. In his inner monologue, he describes being always on the go, and specifically comments on his inability to maintain relationships. â€Å"†¦and the casual acquaintances you meet only in passing, never to see again, never to become intimate friends. To hell with it all!† (Kennedy 319) His monologue continues as he discusses how he is working for the company to pay off a family debt. When the office manager comes to check on him, Gregor scrambles to try to get the door open, and the manager comments that businessmen â€Å"†¦very often have to ignore any minor indisposition, since the demands of the business come first.† (Kennedy 323) He goes on to threaten Gregor, stating that his position at the company is not secure and his employment is inShow MoreRelatedSocialist Realism in Ngugi Wa Thiongos I Will Marry When I Want2437 Words   |  10 PagesINTRODUCTION Socialist realism, a slogan adopted by the Soviet cultural authorities in 1934 to summarize the requirements of Stalinist dogma in literature: the established techniques of 19th†century realism were to be used to represent the struggle for socialism in a positive, optimistic light. Socialist realism had its roots in neoclassicism and the traditions of realism in Russian literature of the 19th century that described the life of simple people. Socialist realism held that successful art depictsRead MoreSocialist Realism in Ngugi Wa Thiongos I Will Marry When I Want2437 Words   |  10 PagesINTRODUCTION Socialist realism, a slogan adopted by the Soviet cultural authorities in 1934 to summarize the requirements of Stalinist dogma in literature: the established techniques of 19th†century realism were to be used to represent the struggle for socialism in a positive, optimistic light. Socialist realism had its roots in neoclassicism and the traditions of realism in Russian literature of the 19th century that described the life of simple people. Socialist realism held that successful art depictsRead MoreAmerican Holidays11778 Words   |  48 Pageso Do you know anyone with a pierced nose? o Would you ever pierce your tongue? †¢ What do you think of people who dye their hair green? †¢ What do you of women who wear high heel shoes? o Do you think high heel shoes are bad for a person’s health? †¢ What fashions that you see today do you think will be out of fashion with in two years? †¢ What is your shoe size? †¢ What kind of clothes are in fashion now? †¢ What kind of clothes do you usually wear? Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages Besides, he says, our stream might not have Giardia. Ill take the first drink. Juanita winces. No, don’t do that, she says. Lets just pack up and go home. When you ask her why, she explains that a friend of hers got Giardia and had a bad experience with it. She doesnt want to risk having the same experience. When you hear the details, you understand why. The symptoms are chronic diarrhea, abdominal cramps, bloating, and fatigue. Also, she says, the park signs about Giardia are

Sustainability Reporting Framework Click Now To Get Solution

Question: The Global Reporting Initiative is an international not-for-profit organisation that has pioneered and developed the worlds most widely used voluntary Sustainability Reporting Framework. Answer: 1. Introduction The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is a nonprofit organization that introduces the accounting guidelines for the economic sustainability reporting of the companies. The organization produces the widely used standards for sustainability reporting which is also known as ecological footprint reporting, environmental social governance reporting, triple bottom line reporting and CSR reporting. Ward (2010) opined that GRI Focal Point Australia works effectively to bring about rules of sustainability reporting within the Australian organizations and also introduce rules to upgrade the sustainability disclosure of the Australian organizations. The report here focuses on the analysis of application of voluntary guidelines in alteration of the information of Flight centre 2014. Further the report evaluates the benefits of the investors in complying with sustainability reporting. The report also focuses on the negative aspects of the global reporting initiatives in the concluding part. 2. Concept of sustainability reporting With the increasing demand for the large requirement for environmental and global initiatives, sustainability reporting has become an important part of the global accounting system. The companies abiding by the rules of sustainability reporting should include Global reporting imitative (GRI), Carbon Disclosure project (CDP), UNCTAD or environmental accounting, the sustainability consortium and International integrated reporting (Adams, 2013). Sustainability reporting is considered to be the practice of measuring disclosing and being accountable to internal and external stakeholders for organizational performance towards the goal of sustainable development (Cohen, 2013). Figure 1: GRI reporting framework (Source: Horngren , 2013, pp-36) According to Horngren (2013), the GRI reporting framework was intended to serve as a widely accepted process of accounting that will help the investors and stakeholders to judge the companies from different industries under a standard parameter. The GRI reporting initiatives allowed the companies to make sector specific report. The mandatory disclosure norms made the companies suffer economically as well as socially. Alstine (2009) opined that it was seen that the investors reacted strongly to poor environmental performers denying those companies any kind of monetary help. The negative incidents and disclosures were more effective than the negative financial disclosures. As per the signaling theory the negative aspects of the present can be mitigated in the future however the mandatory disclosure was making it difficult for the companies to attract potential investors and shareholders. Amran Haniffa (2011) opined that in some cases the reporting of the negative aspects may be recorded as a positive signal for the future and it may suggest that the companies will be able to manage risks effectively an avoid any kind of future issues. 3. G4 guidelines established by GRI As per Bloomberg Press release GRI updated the existing sustainability reporting guidelines in May 2013 to establish a new set of guidelines namely the G4 guidelines which provides organizations to voluntarily report on their environmental, social and governance performance (Hopwood, 2009). The amendment of the guidelines have made the GRI reporting more practical for the organizations thereby encouraging the organizations to report only the information that are material to the business. The G4 guidelines also include new or updated disclosures on governance, greenhouse gas emissions and supply chain issues. As per the guidelines of G4 the companies are presently required to include the following disclosures in the sustainability report. The energy consumption unit of an organization or the energy used per unit of a product of service within the organization (Bamford Szilagyi, 2010). The intensity of greenhouse gas emissions and the extent of gas emissions of the organization Percentage of new suppliers screened using environmental criteria Important environmental impacts on the supply chain process of the organization Other sustainability related issues According to Duran-Encalada Paucar-Caceres (2011) The G4 guidelines contains the following subparts namely Focus on material aspects This section states that an organization will indentify relevant topics for financial reporting based on their impact on the internal as well as external aspect of the organization. According to Ward (2010) the organizations face dilemmas regarding the availability of the large number of topics which it can report within the sustainability report. However Alstine (2009) opined that relevant topic s and indicators are those that may reflect the economic, environmental and social impacts and may influence the decision of the stakeholders and hence should be included in the report. In accordance scheme Cho et al. (2010) opined that the current (A, B, C) application levels rules initiated by the G3 rules will be replaced by the in accordance scheme which will involve two tiers namely core which is the easier level and the comprehensive which is a high level. The G4-34 to G4-55 provides the guidelines for the same. Consideration of indirect activities Previously the G3 guidelines provided the companys to make sustainability disclosures for only the direct activities however the G4 guidelines G4 12 and G4-EC 9 provides rules for the indirect activities like the reporting for entire value chain system. The sustainability reporting for the value chain system will help the investors to understand the environmental sustainability f the production and the delivery process (Duran-Encalada Paucar-Caceres, 2011). The end product is expected to be sustainable if the value chain system is sustainable in nature. New and revised Standard disclosures Previously the G 3 initiatives required the companies to make disclosures in three segments namely Strategy and profile of the company, Management approach and performance indicators of the company (Globalreporting.org.2015). The guideline under G4- 56 required the companies to compulsorily make disclosures related to ethics and integrity and G4-S03to G4-S06 requires the companies to make disclosures relating to the anti corruption practices and public policy (Lund Nadvi, 2010). Moreover the G4-EN3 to G4- EN 21 requires the companies to report for any kind of Green house gas emissions and also the extent to which the companies are responsible for the emissions. Disclosures on management Approach (DMA) The new guidelines focus on three major reporting frameworks namely Describing why an aspect is material How the aspect is being managed How the management reviews and improves the management approach (Dingwerth Eichinger, 2010). 4. Effect of G4 guidelines on Flight Centre annual report 2014 Flight centre Limited is an Australian travel agency group with around 2000 business in around 11 countries. The company provides a pleasurable travel service to the business travelers in Australia, New Zealand, United States, Canada, UK, South Africa, China, India and Dubai. On reviewing the annual report 2014 of Flight centre it was found that the company has followed the standard guidelines relating to the G3 guidelines of GRI. However with the advent of the new guidelines under G4 the company will have to make the following changes in the annual report (www.flightcentrelimited.com, 2015). The following initiatives taken by Flight Centre to make its business sustainable affect both internal as well as external stakeholders of the company. Hence these initiatives should be reported under the G4 guidelines in the annual report of the company. 1. Standard disclosures Carbon emissions: G 4-EN3 requires Flight centre to disclose information relating to carbon emissions. The company is working to reduce the office related carbon emissions by teaming up with the Cleaner climate Ltd to provide the company with a carbon emission calculator. Moreover the company has taken the initiate to install solar energy bulbs and compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) and engaged into energy renewable projects in order to make the business sustainable. Bamford Szilagyi (2010) opined that under the new guidelines the company needs to mention these activities in the annual report under the standard disclosure norms. Office environmental policy: The Company has established certain recycling and waste management policies for the internal staffs of the office namely Ensuring the availability of recycling bins in all accessible office areas Usage of email for external and internal communication has reduced the wastage of paper Practicing double sided printing to save paper consumption Using recycled, unbleached paper for printing purposes Donations of old computers and cell phones to charities for re use Usage of large recyclable milk carton instead of creamers in office kitchens (Burritt, 2010). Energy consumption unit: The standard disclosures also requires Flight centre to report about the units of energy consumed. To make sustainability energy consumption the company has focused on minimizing the usage of ACs, Installation of multipurpose devices to reduce the number of appliances, using sensor lighting and installation of blinds to reduce cooling and heating costs (Adams, 2013). 2. Environmentally sustainable shop design Flight centre has initiated an environmentally sustainable design program for its retail shops at different locations (Ward, 2010). The system provides guidelines relating to usage of Fit out materials including timber usage, waste management, lighting and signage and usage of sustainable water supply equipments. 3. Sustainable supply chain system Flight centre has introduced the environmental Supplier Award for the potential suppliers who engage in environment friendly activities. The award recognizes the supplier that has made the greatest effort to minimize their environmental impact. The company has a corporate travel management network that spans in more than 75 countries. The value chin system of the company works proactively on mutually beneficial business partnerships with suppliers having the same kind of financial and sustainability goals and values (Globalreporting.org. 2015). 4. Disclosures on management approach The company also needs to report on the disclosure for management approach. This section will require the company to make full disclosure of the facts like the importance of the facts that are disclosed and the ways the company is managing the disclosed facts (Burritt, 2010). In relation to this norms Flight centre should make the facts important because they will affect the environment and the internal management of the company as well as the stakeholders decision. The company will also show the initiatives taken by the management to control the negative impact of business process on the supply chain and sustainability of the company. 5. Evaluation of benefits of sustainability reporting to investors Adams (2013) opined that sustainability reporting is an important step towards achieving of the sustainable global economy. The major stakeholders of the companies that is the government, investors and suppliers are highly benefited from the sustainability reporting system. The following are the benefits for the sustainability reporting to the stakeholders Generation of trust Ward (2010) suggested that the full disclosure of all the direct as well as indirect activities of the companies makes the financial report transparent and can generate a sense of trust among the users of the information. The transparency of the report also helps to reduce reputational risks and demonstrate openness and accountability. Competitive advantage The companies gets an added competitive advantage over the other companies of attracting investment, initiating new activities, entering new markets and negotiating contracts with the help of GRI reporting (Lawrence Beamish, 2013). The investors and the stakeholders are ready to supply capital and make long term investments in these companies because they have a clear view of the financial as well as the non financial aspects of the company. Fulfilling the needs of the stakeholders Sustainability reporting helps the companies to fulfill the basic demands of the stakeholders thereby creating a positive image in the mind of the stakeholders. According to Burritt (2010) the stakeholders demand more transparency from profit and not for profit entities. They further demand for the economic sustainability and social sustainability compliance from the business. Improvement strategies The use of the GRI guidelines helps the organizations to highlight the weaknesses within the b business and also calls for improvement that can enhance the future performance of the company. The analysis of the level of energy consumption, wastage and environmental pollution will help the company to introduce new sustainable methods for controlling of the wastage and increase the goodwill of the company (Globalreporting.org. 2015). Enhance reputation A survey conducted in 2011 on corporate reputation showed that expansion of business activity transparency and recording of good deeds were the two most effective ways to create a positive image in the mind of the investors and concerned stakeholders particularly the customers of the business (Hopwood, 2009). In the year 2013 the survey by Earnest and Young showed that around 50% of the respondents issuing sustainability reports suggested that the adoption of the sustainability reporting has helped them to improve their reputation among the stakeholders. Employees expectations fulfillment As per the survey reports of EY and GreenBiz in 2011 the sustainability reporting is also beneficial for the internal employees of the organization. They are regarded as one of the major stakeholders as well as the backbone of the company (Lawrence Beamish, 2013). The report helps the employees with information like environmental activities of the company and also makes them aware of the goodwill and future expansion plans of the company. This helps the employees to feel connected with the company and work with loyalty (Hopwood, 2009). Improved access to capital The companies high on sustainability have higher probability of securing capital form both local as well as foreign institutional investors since the investors are certain about their returns from the company. The potential investors will also find it helpful to make decisions as to long and short term investments (Hopwood, 2009). The GRI guidelines helps the investors to assess the risks related with the investments in a particular company and also the risk of loss of reputation can be assessed by the investors before they take a long term investment decision. Creating and maintaining shareholder value Adams (2013) suggested that the investor presentations, quarterly earnings, quarterly spending on sustainable activities, carbon emission rates, electricity usage rates, employee engagement techniques, announcements and press releases, socially responsible investment surveys, social projects and periodic reports on stock exchange and security analysis helps to increase the shareholders value and make them well informed about the current status of the company. It also provides an insight into the future status of the company. 6. Conclusion The report shows the benefits of the sustainability reporting system and also focuses on the revised guidelines that are implemented by the new G4 guidelines. However the there are also certain negative factors associated with the process of sustainability reporting. Since sustainability reporting integrates the reporting and transparency of all business activities so at times it may be found that some kind of negative activity of the business has been reported in the process. The publication of negative reports not only effects the reputation of the company abut also affects the related stakeholders specially the investors and the customers of the business. Before the introduction of the G4 initiatives the companies were required to make mandatory disclosures of the sustainable reports. This gave rise to reporting of many negative incidents like use of a deplorable resource or mistreatment of the employees within the organization. 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