The Education System In Mauritius Education Essay

Education has been free for the secondary degree since 1977 and for full clip undergraduate degree at the University of Mauritius since 1988. The State provides equal support for instruction, on occasion striving tight budgets and even subsidising a great portion of the outgo in grant aided secondary schools, that is, schools under the control of in private owned establishments. With cosmopolitan primary instruction being achieved in the 1970s, free instruction in 1977, and statute law devising instruction up to 16 old ages of age compulsory, the challenges policyaˆ?makers have had to face have related to broadening entree at the higher instruction degree, bettering quality, and beef uping the direction of the sector ( while guaranting equity ) . The funding of higher instruction is fundamentally via the authorities and students/parents. Students enrolled in public higher educational establishments are funded to a really big extent by the authorities. Students enrolled in local private higher instruction establishments and those in abroad establishments pay the full cost of their instruction. The cardinal factors act uponing the quality of higher instruction are the quality of module, course of study criterions, technological substructure available, research environment, accreditation government and the administrative policies and processs implemented in establishments of higher acquisition. The overall vision of authorities was spelt out in the New Economic Agenda formulated in 2000. The chief challenge was to travel bit by bit off from traditional sectors to the services sector. The aim was to diversify fabrication into higher valueaˆ?added markets and to consolidate services ( fiscal, ICT, etc. ) as a 4th pillar of economic development. To pull new investing and to keep the state ‘s fight, a extremely productive skilled work force was seen as imperative. With a position to puting Mauritius on a higher growing way, the state has recognised the importance of developing higher instruction as a regional hub for high quality instruction and preparation, to guarantee that the cognition industry acts as a accelerator in broadening the Mauritanian economic system, and in supplying the necessary support to the bing and approaching sectors. There has been a dramatic paradigm displacement in the development scheme mooted by the authorities. In drumhead, it has been accepted by authorities that the instruction system, particularly higher instruction, needs to be reaˆ?orientated to react more efficaciously. Higher instruction in Mauritius can be traced back to the constitution of the School of Agriculture within the Department of Agriculture in 1914, which became integrated into the UoM when it was established in 1965. However, it was merely in postaˆ?independent Mauritius that several public higher instruction establishments were created, which were complementary to UoM. Over the old ages the higher instruction sector has become progressively diversified.Pre Primary sectorThe Pre-primary sector traditionally catered for kids aged 4 onwards and, since this twelvemonth, for those aged 3. The NER presently stands at 94 per centum, with the State supplying a per-child grant of MR 200 ( USD 6 ) . Private individuals/ establishments make up some 80 per centum of the educational proviso in the sector. The undermentioned steps are portion of policy developments to consolidate the sector: aˆ? Strengthening the institutional and regulative model for the proviso of Early Childhood Care and Education. aˆ? Reduction of disparity among pre-schools. aˆ? Addressing the job of out-of-schools pre-primary kids due to absolute poorness. aˆ? Developing a National Curriculum Framework for the pre-primary subsector. aˆ? Ensuring preparedness of all pre-primary school kids for primary school. aˆ? Construction of pre-primary units in deprived countries aˆ? Strengthening partnerships with parents through a Parent Empowerment Program.Primary sectorChilds are enrolled in primary school from the age of five and come in Standard ( Grade ) I and travel automatically up to Standard VI. The system is competitory and a biennial readying starts since Standard V up to Standard VI for the terminal of primary school scrutinies, the CPE ( Certificate of Primary Education ) . The CPE is a national scrutiny carried out in all the schools of the island following a rating system. Five topics are mandatory — English, Gallic, Mathematics, Science, and History and Geography and the scaling procedure is based on the 5 best classs obtained from these along with any one of the Asian/ Arabic languages. . Government has implemented several enterprises in primary schools of the state in order to better CPE scrutinies consequences. One such enterprise is known as the ‘Zones d'Education Prioritaires ‘ ( Z.E.P. ) . This inaugural targets the schools with low public presentation over a back-to-back period of five old ages and involves the whole school community: school staff, parents, NGOs, concern and community-based associations in bettering the school clime and consequences. Other recent enterprises have included the development of an Enhancement Programme to provide for pupils of Std III and IV supplying several carbon monoxides curricular activities to back up the holistic development of the kid, and the debut of ICT in the schoolroom through the ‘ Sankore ‘ programme where categories of Std IV are increasingly being equipped with computing machines and synergistic projectors.Secondary sectorThe CPE determines admittance to a secondary college. Secondary school s are either State owned, grant-aided private schools, or to the full private fee-paying schools. The kid enters college in Form I and progresses through to Form VI, necessitating seven old ages of schooling since there is a two twelvemonth readying for the Higher School Certificate/A-Level scrutinies. A major nationally devised course of study has been developed for Forms I-III with the Secondary Curriculum Framework now in topographic point since 2010. Students study for a wide compulsory course of study up to Form III consisting English, French, Mathematics and the Social and Hard Sciences. When pupils reach Form IV, they have to take at least six major topics for their O-Level scrutinies in Form V. Subsequently, pupils have to specialize in 3 chief topics and 2 subordinate 1s for the A Level scrutiny. The O-Level and A-Level scrutinies are carried out by the University of Cambridge through the University of Cambridge International Examinations, which devises the course of study ; prepares and prints the scrutinies documents and does the rectification for most topics.TVET ( Technical and Vocational Education and Training )The chief supplier of the TVET plan is the Mauritius Institute of Training and Development ( MITD ) . The intent of the MITD is to offer legion proficient plans to supply human resource preparation to run into the demands of the universe of work at the in-between professional degree. The MITD besides presently besides provides classs at the degree of National Diploma. The TVET sector is regulated by the Mauritius Qualifications Authority which besides develops and maintains the national Qualifications Framework ( NQF ) .Tertiary sectorTertiary instruction which started in 1924 with the College of Agriculture has since developed into a diversified system, composed of public, private, regional and abroad establishments providing for a broad scope of classs and programmes. Third instruction in Mauritius is characterized by a broad scope of establishments with diverse features. Some provide all degrees of third instruction in a scope of subjects while others focus their activities on merely one or two countries at certain degrees. A figure of the establishments are overseas with their commissariats made available through the distance instruction and mix manner. Within the populace sector, third instruction revolves around the University of Mauritius ( UoM ) , the University of Technology ( UTM ) , the Mauritius Institute of Education ( MIE ) , the Mahatma Gandhi Institute ( MGI ) , the Mauritius Institute of Training and Development ( MITD ) and the Open University of Mauritius ( OUM ) . Oversing the four third instruction establishments ( TEIs ) is the Tertiary Education Commission ( TEC ) which, inter alia, has duty for apportioning public financess, and fosterage, planning and organizing the development of post-secondary instruction and preparation. In add-on to the above publicly-funded establishments ( PFIs ) , a figure of private establishments are soon presenting tertiary-level programmes, largely in niche countries like Information Technology, Law, Management, Accountancy and Finance. Many of the programmes in the private sector are offered in coaction with abroad establishments. Many Mauritanian pupils besides either travel overseas or fall back entirely to the unfastened acquisition manner in prosecuting their higher instruction surveies.The University of MauritiusThe University of Mauritius ( UOM ) is a national University in Mauritius. It is the oldest and largest university in the state in footings of pupil registration and course of study offered. The public university ‘s chief campus is located at Reduit, Moka. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, who was accompanied by His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh, inaugurated the University on 24th March 1972. Over the past decennaries, in response to the contemporary and emergent demands of the assorted sectors of the Mauritanian economic system, the university now has progressed from being a largely in-service preparation establishment to a fully-fledged university, concentrating progressively on unmarried man ‘s grades, graduate student programmes, research and consultancy. The university ‘s current strategic program, Strategic Directions 2006-2015, has the following six strategic waies: Knowledge creative activity Knowledge diffusion Investing in resources Choice civilization and good administration National, regional and international coactions Community outreach The University of Mauritius has committed itself to uninterrupted betterment and quality direction. These are the actions that the university is seeking to provide for: Guaranting relevancy – interact proactively with the universe of work and the community to provide for emergent demands while instilling a wider sense of belonging to the university. Guaranting quality of instruction and larning – enhance bing commissariats for uninterrupted betterment in the quality of instruction and acquisition, and work increasingly towards the execution of best pattern. Strengthen research – develop further the university ‘s research capacity and research direction program. Internationalize the university – better the international standing of the university and spread out its function and programme of activities. Amongst Mauritian universities the UoM stands out both in footings of its laterality with respect to registration and it legion pockets of excellence with respect to research. The UoM is the largest provider of third instruction locally, accounting for 22.2 % of entire higher instruction registration.FacultiesOriginally, the university had three schools, viz. Agriculture, Administration and Industrial Technology. It has since expanded to consist five modules, viz. Faculty Of Agriculture, Faculty Of Engineering, Faculty Of Law and Management, Faculty Of Science, and Faculty Of Social Studies & A ; Humanities. The modules are involved in learning, research and consultancy. It has besides a Centre for Medical Research and Studies, a Centre for Distance Education, a Centre for Information Technology and Systems, and a Consultancy Centre. Following these on-campus developments and enlargements, it resulted in a coincident addition in the figure and in the diverseness of programmes being o ffered, and the figure of pupils enrolled. The programmes of the University are internationally recognized and include choice confidence mechanisms such as the external tester system and affiliated with celebrated Universities worldwide. There is a Quality Assurance Office which helps the University in keeping and bettering the quality of all its activities. There are assorted exchange understandings that have been established between the UOM and abroad universities.Students UnionThe Students Union, established in 1971, is run by and for the pupils. It work in the involvement of pupils and on a regular basis organize assorted activities. All pupils are members, the rank fee being included in the enrollment. Students are really dynamic in forming extracurricular activities supported by the Public Relations Office.

The Management of Emotions

Managing emotions adequately is vitally important in practically every area of live. Children learn this skill first from the example of their parents. These skills are transferred to society as the child grows and broadens his or her connections with the outside world. Emotional management skills become increasingly important as the human being moves through life. In the workplace, both managers and employees need to adequately manage their emotions in order to successfully accomplish their diverse tasks. In personal life, emotional management is important in the home in order to raise healthy, balanced individuals who will in their turn function well in the workplace. Emotions are an integral part of humanity. The management of emotions is therefore a task that faces every person in every stage of life daily. It is unfortunate that emotional management is not a topic consciously dealt with at either the home or learning institutions. The result of strong, badly managed emotions is often conflict, according to the Conflict Research Consortium (1998). Emotional and conflict management are closely connected. Once the conflicting parties realize this, it is easier to focus on the steps necessary towards a resolution of the conflict. There are many professionals offering advice on adequately managing emotions. The Conflict Research Consortium for example focuses its advice on the issue of emotions and conflict. Conflict is more easily resolved, according to this premise, when the emotions involved are explored and understood. Once each party understands the other's emotions, the issue of conflict becomes simpler and indeed could be eradicated entirely. This is especially so in personal relationships. Parties involved in romantic or family relationships will most often benefit from exploring the emotion involved in conflict. Emotions are also frequently both the cause and result of interpersonal relationships in the workplace. The emphasis on increasing profits and remaining at the top of the business world can cause extreme stress for managers. This stress, if not adequately managed, often find an outlet in inadequately managed emotions. Employees suffer as a result and in turn are the victim of emotional outbursts and conflicts. Hence, the initial cause of badly managed emotions is stress. In workplace relationships, emotional management should therefore be integrated with several other elements to understand the inherent cause-and-effect relationships in each individual case. Ironically, emotional outbursts resulting from profit-related stress has exactly the opposite of the desired effect. According to Gerson (2002), a manager who makes a habit of berating and shouting at employees is unlikely to see a favorable profit margin. Gerson therefore recommends that a program be implemented to handle work-related stress and its concomitant emotions. Emotions are part of human life. So is change. The extreme and rapid changes in the world today adds to stress both in business and in general life. This increases the danger of emotions that manifest in unacceptable ways. In extreme cases, the failure to recognize the need for managing emotions may lead to crimes such as rape or even murder. This makes it clear that emotional management in today's fast-changing world has become of extreme importance. Learning to adequately handle emotions should first and consciously be taught at home and afterwards in learning institutions. This would benefit not only business, but also personal relationships and general society. In terms of business, employees who feel they are valued will perform better, work harder and create the revenue sought by managers. Managers therefore need to handle their emotions adequately to achieve this, as seen above. Children who never learn to manage their emotions are more likely to engage in criminal activities. Society benefits more greatly from stable, productive individuals. In order to achieve this, emotional management is of greatest significance in early home life and education.

Managing Employee Performance Essay

In an effective organization there are key aspects to take under consideration such as, communication, growth and expansion, task completion, supply the fits company’s goals, and contingency plans. These are all vital when developing a profitable organization. Once you have these established it is time to start thinking about managing employee’s performance. The internal evolvement in employees will help the longevity in an organizations success. â€Å"Google figured out how to analyze all their data to come up with a profile of the kind of manager whose team is most successful† (Noe, 2014). Along with all the data Google collected and analyzed there are also five criteria’s for effectiveness of performance managing system. In Googles attempt to excel there are some errors that can arise, but using the five criteria’s Google can make a step closer to enhancing their performance managing process. In order to gain structure in an organization there mu st be principles in place. These principles must meet a standard that can be visualized, observed and come to a conclusion. The concluded information must be in alignment with the goals of the company in order for the company to achieve their perspective goals. At Google, their objective are to find managers whose teams is most successful. There are many different ways to achieve their goal but understanding the criteria for an effective performance manager will better assist them. An effective management performance system has five criteria’s that must be maintained. These principles include fit with strategy, validity, reliability, acceptability, and specific feedback. Before expanding on these principles it is important to know why a performance management system critical to the company. â€Å"An effective performance management process enables managers to evaluate and measure individual performance and optimize productivity† (Importance of Performance, 2014). A fit for strategy is â€Å"a performance management system that should aim at achieving employee behavior and attitudes that support the organizations strategy, goals, and culture† (Noe,2014). At Google their emphasis are to develop better managers. Google has met this criterion by identifying what it is they are trying to achieve and have set up measures  to improve their managers. Validity â€Å"is the extent to which a measurement tool actually measure what is intended to be measured† (Noe,2014). By conducting a survey Google was able to evaluate the managerâ₠¬â„¢s performance levels. This allows them a foundation for analyzing and developing training plans. It is important Google to have reliability as well. What good is it to have a valid testing measure it the result are inconsistent. Reliability is something that Google needs to improve. Google has a valid way of measuring their employee’s skill level but consistency maybe something they lack. Google can use measure such as situational judgment to help improve their manager’s performance. In an article written in the Journal of Applied Psychology it states â€Å"on the basis of 102 coefficients and 10,640 people situational judgment test showed useful levels of validity that were generalizable† (Braverman). Google implementing situational judgment to their testing measures would as met the criterion not only for validity and reliability but also acceptability. Situational judgment is a practical standard of testing and has been proven to work. Google could run into some issues with collecting such data if they are not careful present what is being measured. Understanding that errors can occur will better assist Google in the performance management process. It is important not to be bias well evaluating employees. â€Å"People often tend to five higher evaluation to people they consider similar to themselves. Most of us think of ourselves as effective, so if others are like us they must be effective too. Research has demonstrated that this effect is strong† (Noe, 2014). This could cause discrimination issues and run the risk of the company having law suits and also loosing perspective employees due to bad reputation. To eliminate this factor, raters can be trained on how to avoid errors. Specific feedback is a good tool to in cooperate when dealing with employees. If the employees understand what is expected from them they will be more willing to meet those expectations. Google mangers receive training that is essential to their understanding of what objective the company wants to meet. Google has met most of the criteria for have a successful program in place. In closure, Google’s measurements to their manager’s performance levels have met most of the criteria. Their method for a successful performance manager system is a full proof way on ensuring managers has the ability to grow. This in return brings greater productivity to the company. They have established what they  want and created a survey that outline what a good leader possesses. They measures are valid and their employees understand what is expected of them. Google is still searching for ways to improve their test and situational judgment could greatly complement the techniques they already have in place. This will increase the reliability and escalate their chances on reaching their objective. Reference Braverman, E. P. Use of situational judgment tests to predict job performance: A clarification of the literature.. Journal of Applied Psychology, 730-740. Noe, R. A. (2014). Fundamentals of human resource management (5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Performance Review Process & Goal Management Process Best †¦. (n.d.). . Retrieved June 23, 2014, from http://www.successfactors.com/en_us/lp/articles/optimize-performance-management.html

Ethics and corporate social responsibility Case Study

Ethics and corporate social responsibility - Case Study Example In this case, the company upholds a high level of responsibility to public and employees (Coca-Cola Company, 36). The other part focuses on offering the responsibility of employees to the company; in fact, this involves the scope of Code of Ethics that is applicable to managers and employees in the company and subsidiaries. There are orientation meetings that are held in every two years, where information regarding this Code of Ethics is offered to employees and they are expected to sign. Personal commitment of CEO to high standards of ethics Coca-Cola Company’s CEO has a high commitment to standards of ethics, whereby they are considered to be representatives of the company through their honesty, and consistency in every condition. In this case, CEO has a commitment of guiding employees in order to facilitate compliance to the Code of Ethics (Coca-Cola Company, 36). The CEO has the mandate of ensuring that managers in various departments, especially Human Resource department. Audits to ensure compliance with code Coca-Cola Company has an Internal Audit Department, which focuses on monitoring the operations and behaviors, which entail specified those that are stipulated in the Code of Ethics; thus, these audits are conducted regally in the organization annually (Coca-Cola Company, 36). Clear and logical consequences for failure to follow the code The Company has clear and logical implications of failing to comply with this Code of Ethics, whereby employees are subjected to penalties due to their misbehaviors. Moreover, there is detailed information concerning the process of punishment and it is entailed in the Code, and reviews of this Code of Ethics, which leads to necessity of making relevant alterations depending on stakeholders’ expectations. Environmental Stewardship Detailed assessment of the company’s environmental impact Coca-Cola Company has focus on being compliant with standards involves in operations that relate to supply chain, distribution channel and disposal of obsolete or broken products. In this case, this company is highly involved in recycling of bottles; in fact, this is a manifestation of their environmental stewardship (Coca-Cola Company, 50). On the other hand, obsolete products are disposed appropriately to avoid environmental pollution, besides most of these products are used to manufacture new products. Clear goals for improvement in each impact area The company has a goal of being complaint with provisions of legislation regarding the environment. In order to improve their impact area, the Company establishes procedures that facilitate employee compliance (Coca-Cola Company, 51). Therefore, the company established an obligation of their employees, whereby they are expected to comply with procedures and polices associated with environmental protection. Moreover, they are expected to give reports regarding any case of breaches to their managers and supervisors. Internal audits to ensure impro vements There are regular internal audits aimed at ensuring improvements through adaptation of objectives and principles. Therefore, continuous improvements involve activities that accomplish these objectives in regard to environment (Coca-Cola

The Scottish Parliament Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Scottish Parliament - Essay Example On October 9th 2004, the Scottish Parliament building was officially opened, marked by the Queens words, "Holyrood is a landmark for 21st century democracy" (The Scottish Parliament n.d.). Holyroodhouse is the only Scottish Palace that is still used by the Queen as Her Majesty's official residence. As can be inferred, a royal residency with only five centuries of history has been of vast interest of the Scottish. As illustrated in the words of Ian Gow, "[Holyroodhouse] is a picturesque visual experience" (Gow 1998). Gow's furthermore meaning was portrayed in his quote, 'If in spending as much money as we do as a nation on the preservation of our great houses, we are sincerely trying to preserve part of our cultural heritage and not merely providing subjects for Christmas calendars, we must present these houses coherently to the public so that it can indeed learn to appreciate what their true place was in our history' (Gow 1998). It was essential to demonstrate first the status of Holyroodhouse as a Royal residency and its relishing architecture before analyzing the Holyrood Project. From the beginning of the project, there was a lot of controversy going on regarding the Holyrood Project. The Holyrood Project was, in short, building Scotland's new Parliament buildings adjacent to the Palace of Holyroodhouse. ... rban archaeological excavation in Scotland's history (The Scottish Parliament n.d.) The Project went on as planned, but the estimating cost of the Project as well as the completion date was completely off tangent. The Project can be discussed in depth, however for the purpose of this paper, only certain stages of procurement with respect to the successes and failures will be analyzed. Procurement: On July of 1998, it was decided that construction management will be adopted as the procurement vehicle and it was also decided that the appointment of a construction manager would be taken at the earliest opportunity (The Holyrood Inquiry n.d.). It was perhaps the most significant decisions taken during the course of the Project to make construction management as the procurement vehicle. It is necessary to understand what the function of the construction management is. It was developed in the late 1980's as a fast-track method of construction procurement. Prior to the construction management, else known as traditional contracting, a design would be completed before the construction work starts and then is put out to tender until a contractor is chosen to carry out that work. However, with construction management, the tendering and construction overlap (The Holyrood Inquiry n.d.) The advantage of construction management is that it speeds up the process; however a big disadvantage is the uncertain cost of the project. As can be seen with the Holyrood Project, speed and cost were both an issue. Around late December of 2003, a well renowned advisor, who had nothing first-hand to do with the project, was called in to consult on the concept construction management. Mr. Colin Carter of independent professional advice and services was appointed to give construction

BUSINESS PROPOSAL Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

BUSINESS PROPOSAL - Assignment Example Small Business Administration (SBA) is the Guam’s government official agency that deals with helping in the formulation of business plans and securing funds necessary for its establishment. In the Business plan, investors should include the legal structure of the company. This would be determined by the following factors; investor’s ownership, management responsibilities and tax consequences. The various types of businesses include; sole proprietorship which has advantages like quicker tax preparations, low start up costs and ease of money handling. Its disadvantages include; personal liability and lack of financial control. In the case of starting a corporation, a type of business which has legal rights that separate its liability from the owners’ and it’s chartered by the state (Norman, 1999). To start this kind of business in Guam, investors are required to pay a filing fee of 50$. This levy is used to fill by-laws and articles of incorporation at the G uam Department of Revenue and Taxation. A corporation that seeks to be taxed as a corporation is called a â€Å"C† corporation. It pays federal and income tax on earnings while those that don’t pay income tax on their proportionate shares are called â€Å"S† corporations. ... The EIN can be secured from Internal Revenue Service offices. The Employer Identification Number will be useful in opening of the business bank account. This is done at the initial stage and it is an essential requirement for all companies and businesses that hire employees. The Employers Identification Number is issued to the applicant on the submission of form SS-4 to the Internal Revenue Service. Furthermore, there is an option of applying for the EIN online for instant issuance (Daily, 2010). Next, the investor registers for taxes. All companies incorporated in Guam have a mandate to register for one or several identification numbers that are tax-specific, licenses or permits which includes sales tax, unemployment tax and income tax withholding. According to section 26201, Article two, Chapter twenty six of Title eleven of the Guam Code of Annotated, privilege taxes should be assessed, levied and collected monthly against persons on the basis of their activities and business in G uam determined by application of rate against gross proceeds of sales, values or gross income. Businesses and business owners are required to pay Use Tax under the Guam’s Use Tax law which is applicable on the occasion that one has imported personal property that will be consumed or used in the operations of your business. If the business hires employees, it is required to pay the Payroll Tax (Norman, 1999). Guam has a separate Territorial Tax system apart from the United States based on the Internal Revenue Code. As business owner or entity conducting operations in Guam, is required by this code to file and report a Guam Territorial Tax Return. In title 26 and 31 of this code, business owners are mandated to file form 8300 if the business earns more than ten thousand

'In this modern day and age, it is arguable that changes to Essay

'In this modern day and age, it is arguable that changes to traditional employment patterns and the growth of what might be ca - Essay Example Strengthening the Case for Extending Statutory Rights Generally, the traditional employee is entitled to statutory employment rights. Such rights as right from unfair dismissal and other related jobs are enjoyed by employees who have jobs that last from 9 AM till 5 PM. This means that such an employee has a right to be informed in advance of the intention by the employer to lay him/her off. There are a lot of case laws that has been affected to protect the rights of the traditional employee. An example, such a case, is the case of Commissioners of Inland Revenue v Ainsworth [2005] IRLR 465. In this case, the matter was of the enforceability of the right to holiday pay (Moffatt 2011). There are all forms of material concerning the protection of the rights of the traditional employee. The new or emerging form of employment has also necessitated an urgent need to protect the rights of the atypical employee. One of the contentious matters that are encountered in this stage is the form of protection that an atypical employee is afforded. In England, more than 25% of the labour force constitutes part-time employees (Vettori 2007). Vettori 2007 emphasizes on the number of the atypical employees globally has shot up to a very large size warranting the need to revise the title ‘atypical’ that is normally assigned to them. Currently, the atypical employees do not enjoy many rights (Vettori 2007). This means that employers have the power to hire, and fire them at will since they do not have signed contracts to secure tenure at the place of employment. The employer who utilises these atypical labourers has the advantage of having a labour force that is highly vulnerable, therefore, easy to manipulate in his/her favour. The employer in this case is able to escape many obligations in the form of collective bargaining or even legislation. This sorry state of affairs thus brings up the urgency to grant these employees statutory rights. In some countries like Engla nd, there have been steps towards the granting of a level of protection to the atypical employees. One way of doing this has been through the passing of the Employment Relations Act 1999 (Galbraith et al 2011). This law grants authority to some statutory organs to ensure that the statutory rights are extended to other forms of employment such as atypical employees. This aims to ensure that the employees are given a sort of protection by the law. An example of this in the application is the case of Byrne Brothers (Formwork) Limited v Baird. In the above case, the employees who were level D subcontractors-only were able to claim paid leave for the duration of time that they were laid off. This was during the period of Christmas and New Year’s celebrations. The basis of their victory was because the Work Time Regulations 1998 applied to all employees. This sort of egalitarian law had the effect of placing all the employees in the same rights level. This thus ensured that employe es were protected within this duration, and it was not easy to lay them off. Currently, the atypical employment sector is growing steadily. This sector, which includes the temporary employees, part-time employees, self employees, and subcontracted employee has managed to grow. Some of the reasons for this growth are attributed to the absolute growth in the sectors or industries that rely in this form of labour such as retail

Music and Mind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Music and Mind - Essay Example This paper aims at presenting further research in addition to those previously covered in recitations and lectures. It also aims at presenting new and more challenging ideas to critically understand the subject. Similar to language, music is a manifestation of the human spirit. Music practitioners have been able to convey messages to mankind that would have otherwise been impossible to convey. Music integrates the mind, body and spirit. Music has both beneficial and non-beneficial effects on the human brain. These effects could either be instant or even long lasting. Some effects of music are improving verbal IQ and evoking some colors in the mind. Music also said to help one see happy faces all round. Music and behavior has been previously researched using researches like the Mozart effect. This effect involves a brief effort that is passive with a transient effect. It states that if a person listens briefly to something, they receive a long-term benefit on their lives1. Some people also tend to think that listening to music for young children helps solve their problems. Music has also had transfer effects involving learning of a single task that influences the learning of another. On transfer effects of cognition, it has been found that learning how to listen to music results to an increased reading score. Those who listened to music achieved a better pitch as well as phonemic awareness. It was therefore confirmed that transfer effects did influence the learning to read that involved sounding out words2. Several reports have also shown that music making increases creativity. Under Neuromusical Research, it has been discovered that the human brain has enough ability to respond as well as participate in music. Music is a trait of mankind that is species-specific. The musical brain starts operating at birth where it persists throughout a person’s life. This has been

Nucleoside Analogue Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nucleoside Analogue - Research Paper Example Despite the remarkable success of this method, the use of lifelong HBIg for hepatitis B prophylaxis has its limitations. Among others are the high cost, limited supply and parental administration. The patient needs to frequently visit the clinic too and requires laboratory monitoring. Another problem with HBIg is it’s a blood product not readily advised by physicians. If a safer non-biological alternative existed, it would have been very easy for the patients. This particular study examined 61 patients that went under donor orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The study found that the HBIg cessation a 12 months minimum after the transplant with successive administration of nucleoside and nucleotide analog agent gives an effective prophylaxis against recurring HBV infection. Despite the success of the procedure concerns still persist when applying the same procedure to patients with chronic stable renal dysfunction. One recurrence case in the study seroconverted to HBsAg whi le being administered oral antivirals (to treat renal dysfunction). Hence renal dysfunction does represent a complication in applying this procedure. Renal toxicity is still a matter of concern regarding the long-term usage of oral antiviral drugs for preventing HBV. This study didn’t show any change in renal functional of patients however, the focus of the study was not the renal dysfunctional, studies with larger durations and follow up should be conducted to analyze this aspect comprehensively. Moreover this study doesn’t cover interaction between hepatitis delta, hepatitis C and pre-transplant hepatitis B viremia, for the risk of hepatitis B breakthrough on our protocol. Hence the oral antiviral procedure should better be performed on low risk patients. Liver transplant recipients are at a great risk of acquiring hepatitis B after liver transplantation. The transplantation performed is a preventive measure against the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) related liver disease. This study by Saab et al. (2011) evaluates the effectiveness of the new hepatitis B prophylaxis, incorporating conversion from 12 months of HBIg along with lamivudine, to ‘combination therapy’. This was done using oral nucleotide and nucleoside analogue. During the research (between June 2008 and May 2010) 61 liver transplant recipients in total, were converted to a combination of a nucleotide and nucleoside analog. Standard deviation (or the mean) follow-up time after conversion was recorded at 15.0 (Â ±6.1) months. Recurring HBV befell in only two patients (3.3%) at 3.1 and 16.6 months when HBIg dosage was halted. The time incidence rate for HBV relapse after terminating the HBIg was calculated at around 2.7 cases per 100 person-years. HBV relapse was estimated at 1.7% at 1 year after terminating the HBIg. The HBIg termination 12 months minimum after the liver transplantation with succeeding ‘combination therapy’ with a nucleotide and nucleoside analog, gives effective prophylaxis to fight against recurring HBV infection. The clinical associations of HBsAg findings, short of the clinical, molecular or biochemical indicators of recurring hepatitis B, require further study. One limitation of the study was it did not include a control group. All eligible patients at the center were put to dual nucleoside and

How groups can influence people Essay Example for Free

How groups can influence people Essay In this essay, I am going to describe how groups can influence people in a positive and in a negative ways. I will be using evidence drawn from Chapter 5 of the study text ‘’Starting with psychology’’ Spoors et al (2011). It is in a human nature to be a part of a social group. Belonging to a group, such as family, clubs, sport teams or group of friends, give us support, it make us feel good about ourselves, give us a sense of social identity. It brings meaning to our life, it make us feel like we belong. However, being a part of a group can also have a negative effect. Group pressure can cause us to behave in a way that we will not normally do. To support my argument I will use as an example evidence from Kondo’s story and as well Zimbardo and Asch experiments (Spoors et al 2011). In our lifetime, we belong to many different social groups. Our social identity is based on the group we belong to, we enhance the status of our group in order to increase our self-image. We divide the world into people like ‘us’, who belong to our group, called the in-group, and those one who are different ‘them’, the out-group (Spoors et al 2011). Two psychologists Henri Tajfel and John Turner developed that theory. The theory argues that there are three mental processes involved in evaluating others as ‘them’ and us’ the first one is a social categorisation. We categorize other people and ourselves in order to understand and identify them. The second process is a social identification. When we know which group we belong to, we start behaving by the norms of our group. The last process is social comparison. After we categorize ourselves with a group, we start to compare our group with other groups. To maintain our self-esteem we will compare our group favourably with other groups. An experiment carried out by Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues (1971) Spoors et al (2011) provides evidence how people behaviour can change w hen they become a part of a group. They choose randomly a group of male participants and divide them into ‘guards’ and ‘prisoners’ and then located them in a simulated prison. After six days, the experiment had to be stopped, as the ‘guards’ became brutal and abusive towards ‘prisoners’, and the ‘prisoners’ begun suffering from emotional disturbance. This experiment shows how the previous perceptions that the participants have of the role of a prison  guards and prisoners, that probably came from watching films and television programs, influenced them to behave in a negative way. Another example of how groups can influence our behaviour is experiment carried out by Solomon Asch (Spoors et al 2011). He asked fifty participants to look at the picture of a straight line, and then showed them another picture with a three more lines of different lengths. Then he asked the participants to identify out loud the line that is the same length as the original one . Surprisingly 75 per cent of the group give a wrong answer, which was a result of a group pressure. People have the need for conformity that is why they go along with the norms of the groups. They want to be accepted as an in-group person. Conforming to group norms is sending a message to the other members of the group that I am not a thread, I am same like you, and I am following our rules. Asche’s experiment showed that the need for conformity pressured participants to give a wrong answer to a question; they just simply followed the rest of the group. An example of how group can influence us on a positive way is Kondo’s story in Spoors et al (2011). Dorinne Kondo is a Japanese American, raised in the USA. She went to Japan to do an anthropological research. She stays there for 26 months, a few months she stays with a Japanese family to learn how proper Japanese women supposed to behave and present herself. At the same time, she was acting as a scientific observer. That is a method of research called participant-observation, where the researcher is both an observer and a participant (Spoors et al 2011). The first few months in Japan were very stressful for Knodo; she did not understand the etiquette and traditions that are part of their everyday life. Every time she made a mistake, people trait her like she was retarded or insane. They were confused, as she looked like a Japanese women but she did not act in a Japanese manner. During her visit in Japan, her guarantor introduced her to Mrs Sakamoto who invited her to stay with her family for summer. It was a great opportunity for Kondo to learn about the traditions. During her visit she was trying to conform to their way of life, she wanted to feel their acceptance, so she start learning about her Japanese roots and proper etiquette, she took a part in a tea ceremony class. At the end of her visit in Japan, she was pleased with herself and all she have learned during her visit. She did not struggle any more to fit in both cultures, the approval of Sakamoto’s family had a good influence on her, it makes her feel  like she belong to their world. Kondo’s story demonstrates that in our lifetime ‘’we have multiple social identities, which continue to evolve as we grow older or when we move into new situations’’ Spoors et al (2011). In those few examples, I was exploring how groups can influence people in a positive and negative ways. Positively, by providing us a sense of belonging to the social world and bringing meaning to our life, as shown on an example of Kondo’s story, and negatively by pressuring us to conform and act out of character, what confirm an Zimbardo’s and Asche’s experiments.

Application Reinforcement Theory By Managers To Shape Employees Behaviours Business Essay

Application Reinforcement Theory By Managers To Shape Employees Behaviours Business Essay INTRODUCTION The aim of this paper is to explain the application of reinforcement theory by the managers to shape employees behaviors in order to overcome restraining forces of change in an organization. Goal is to explain the managerial aspect of applying reinforcement theory. For better explanation, some basic fundamentals of Organizational Behavior and Organizational Development will be used with special reference to reinforcement theory and how managers should apply strategies in lessening resistance to change amongst employees. Purpose is to help us better understand organizational behavior and organizational development techniques and theory and how to implement them in an organization. I will be including all the essential components of reinforcement theory,its principle,its application as how it should be implemented by managers,what are the restraining forces that comes in the way during changes and how management should try to overcome it. Reinforcement is an extremely important principle of conditioning used by managers to influence their employees in an organization. It is the process of shaping behavior by controlling its consequences. Reinforcement theory is sometimes known as operant conditioning as it focuses on th relationship between operant behavior and associated consequences. Continuous reinforcement strategies are implemented to sustain employees desire to work as they loose their interest in work over long period of time. Hence management should use the reinforcement strategies and theories to motivate their employees and benefit their organization to achieve desired results. ORGANISATIONAL BEHAIOUR THEORIES Organizational theories helps to motivate workers and employees so that they can perform their jobs in the best possible manner contributing to overall development of the organization. These provide courage and motivation to the employees in order to improve their working skills. There are two best known names for the development of theories :- Parlov who developed theory of classical conditioning and Skinner who developed theory of instrumental conditioning. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Classical Conditioning is the type of learning made famous by Pavlovs experiments with dogs. It is used by trainers to condition (train) autonomic responses, such as the drooling, producing adrenaline, or reducing adrenaline (calming) without using the stimuli that would naturally create such a response; and, to create an association between a stimulus that normally would not have any effect on the animal and a stimulus that would. Classical conditioning reflects how an organism learns to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another. It is association between two stimuli. This theory is difficult to explain wide variety of observable human behavior, specially issues involving complexity. It does not allow for choice in the response options available to humans and applied in daily life. It deals with cognitive thought process. OPERANT CONDITIONING Operant conditioning forms an association between a behavior and consequences. This process has a wider application than the classical conditioning approach as it provides shaping of behavior in particular patterns. The basic assumption of operant conditioning is that behavior is influenced by its consequences One of the distinctive aspects of Skinners theory is that it attempted to provide behavioral explanations for a broad range of cognitive phenomena. For example, Skinner explained drive (motivation) in terms of deprivation and reinforcement schedules. PRINCIPLES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING Some of the important principles of operant conditioning that can aid the manager to influence behavior:- POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT Managers often use positive reinforcer to influence behavior. A positive reinforcer is a stimulus which,when added to the situation,strengthens the probability of a behavioral response. It can be used to improve employees performance. Positive reinforcement is highly effective and used for two reasons. Firstly, it is used for the direction or motivation of the actions of other people and secondly it uses versatile concept of reinforcement as an explanation of behavior. Many organizations uses positive reinforcements to increase productivity, decrease absenteeism and workplace accidents. For Eg. An insurance company offered incentives at end of each month if the agent succeed to reach their target. Another example,chemical bank has set up programs to positively reinforce employee actions that lead to better customer service. Positive reinforcement can be monetary rewards as well as non financial rewards such as recognition,merchandise incentives etc. When positive reinforcements are used, the desired outcome is that the behavior is reinforced. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of a response following removal of a negative reinforcer immediately after the response. It strengthens the response as response removes some painful stimulus and enables the organization to avoid it. For example, exerting high degrees of efforts to complete a job may be negatively reinforced by not listening to boss. PUNISHMENT It relates to unpleasant reward for particular behaviors. It is defined as presenting an uncomfortable consequence for a particular behavioral response. It is increasingly used managerial strategy. This forms of reinforcements decreases the occurrence of the behavior in question. Organizations typically use several types of unpleasant events to punish individuals. Interpersonal punisher are used extensively including frowns,grunts,personal grudges and aggressive body language of an employee. Punishments can also be materialistic i.e, cut in pay, demotion, final punishment can be firing of an employee,transfer to another job,etc For example, punishing a worker who slows down the work may be an economically necessary step to alter behavior, another example can be loss of pay. There can be negative affects of punishment,it can cause undesirable emotional reaction,another problem is control of undesirable behavior becomes restricted to managers presence only. EXTINCTION Extinction can be defined as decline in response rate because of non reinforcement. It refers to stopping of the reinforcement,firstly it leads to reduction n eventually omission of reinforcement. An example would be if an employee is not acknowledged despite of his or her tremendous work,he will finally stop doing so. This form of reinforcement decreases the occurrence of the behavior in question. An important base for all these important principle is Thorndikes classic law of effect. Managers must strategically balance between the use of pleasant and unpleasant events occurring in an organization in order to meet their desired outcomes. However positive management procedures dominates in any well-run organization. Before applying reinforcements in an organization,managers also need to know as to when reinforcements should be used in order to influence level and rate of continued repetition of desired behavior. For this it is important to know the Schedules of Reinforcement. SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT In an organization it is very essential to time the rewards and punishment and timing of these outcomes is known as reinforcement scheduling. There are different results of timing and frequency of reinforcement. Reinforcement schedules is widely used to explain different process of workplace such as absenteeism,motivation,different payment systems. Continuous and Intermittent Reinforcement Continuous reinforcements means that the behavior is reinforced each time it occurs and is the simplest schedule of reinforcement. If the reinforcement does not occur after each response ,an intermittent reinforcement schedule is being used. Ferster and Skinner argued that there are two basic types of intermittent schedules. First there are those schedules in which reinforcement occurs at fixed number of desired responses,secondly, there are schedules where reinforcements occurs regularly or irregularly. By combining these two ideas four intermittent schedules are made which they believe has different effects on behaviors. Four types of intermittent schedules are :- 1. Fixed Interval Schedule In fixed interval schedule,a constant amount of time should pass before a reinforcer is provided. In other words behavior pattern almost stops after a reward until the next interval . An example may be praise employees performance once a week and not at other times or payment of employees must be done weekly,biweekly or monthly. This is an monetary reinforcement that comes at the specific period of time. 2. Variable Interval Schedule It represents changes in th amount of time between reinforcer. Variable reinforcer varies in time and predictability. Examples of variable interval schedules would be managers giving special recognition to employees for successfully completing projects and promoting them to higher-level positions . If the manager does not changes its schedule,employee would anticipate his tours and adjust their behavior accordingly to be rewarded. 3. Fixed Ratio Schedule In fixed ratio schedule ,the behavior which you desire must occur number of times specifically before reinforcement takes place. It produces high reinforce rate at closing of reinforcements. For example,paying employees weekly checks that is determined to be paid in expected time. 4. Variable Ratio Schedule Unlike fixed ratio,variable ratio schedule varies in the number of repetitions of desired behavior. There is a high rate of responding in this schedule. Managers often uses variable ratio with praise and recognition. For example ,In an organization bonuses or special awards are given after varying numbers of desired behaviors . Variable ratio schedules produces desired behavioral change which is consistent and very resistant to extinction. ORGANISATION APPLICATION OF BEHAVIOURAL MODIFICATION Organizational behavioral modification is a more general term coined to designate the systematic reinforcement of desirable organizational behavior and the non reinforcement or punishment of unwanted organizational behavior. It is based on an assumption that behavior is more important than psychological causes (needs, values,motives held by individuals)(7) Application of behavior modification in organization follows step by step process:- 1. Managers must define and identify the behavior specifically. When a behavior is observable and can be recorded then it is being pinpointed. To be pinpointed as an important behavior,there must be positive answers to these questions: > can it be seen ? >Can it be measured? 2. Pinpointed behaviors must be counted by the managers as it provides a clear perspective of the strength of the behavior at the present or before change situation. By graphing these data ,managers can determine whether behavior is increasing or decreasing or remaining at the same. 3. ABC analysis should be conducted any managers of an organization. ABC refers to antecedents (analyzing antecedents of actual behavior), behavior (pinpointing critical behavior) and consequences (indicates contingent consequences). This helps managers to analyze performance analysis questions significant in programs. Questions may be:- Antecedents > Does the employer know what is expected? > Have they been communicated? > Are they clear about the standards? Behavior > Can the behavior be performed? > Could the employee do it if his or her life is dependent on it? > Does something prevent its occurrence Consequences > Are the consequences weighted in favor of performance? > Do we note improvement even though the improvements may still leave the employee below company standards? > Is the reinforcement specific? 4. Manager describes action plan and strategies after setting the first three steps. The strategies for strengthening desirable performance and weaken undesirable behaviors are positive reinforcers, negative reinforcers, punishment and extinction. Generally managers tends to use positive reinforcement in applying behavior modification programs but identifying it is not so easy. It can be identified by asking subordinates whats rewarding and another method can be by doing surveys asking about job preferences. 5. The last steps involves evaluation. This step is essential as it tells manager to review changes in behavior before the implementation of the program. Evaluation permits managers to measure performance on an ongoing basis. It also provide feedback to managers which help them to take corrective measures if any. Behavior modification helps to understand workplace behavior by making connections between stimulus,response and contingencies. Reinforcement theory is an important explanation of how people learn behavior. It is often applied to organizational settings in the form of a behavioral modification program. Although the assumptions of reinforcement theory are often criticized, its principles continue to offer important insights into individual learning and motivation. Assessing behavioral modification programmes in an organization has evolved a technique known as meta analysis. This collect studies using different sample sizes and weight them accordingly. One meta analysis of a larger number of studies found a 93 percent success rate which appeared in different target behavior and organizational settings. Organizational behavior modification is used widely among several organizations which includes united air lines,General electric, Proctor and Gamble, Michigan bell telephone etc. Organizational behavior modification is making and can make a positive contribution to organizational behavior. Absenteeism rates,quality of productions and employee safety behaviors appear to improve more often than not when using Organizational behavior modification. Hence a manager should understand that the employees are the most important aspect of an organization success, and towards the realization of its goals and so every employee must be motivated in doing his function. Motivation is significant factor in persuading a certain employee to work at his best . Therefore, it is essential that reinforcement strategies should be continuously conceptualized and implemented in order to sustain employees positive attitude towards his work. Employees tend to loose their interest in their work over long periods of time; so continuous reinforcement strategies are implemented to sustain employees desire to finish their job. The strategies are based on Douglas McGregors two different assumptions (Theories X and Y). > There must be continuous coercion and control of employees. > They must be directed always on what to do. Continuous monthly reward must be given to employees to boost their self confidence and improve organizations desired outcome. By using certain theories and strategies ,managers can help in reinforcing their employees by fulfilling their needs, giving them bonuses,treating them equitably,making them satisfied ,more goal oriented and focused, resulting in high outputs to an organization. RESTRAINING FORCES BLOCKING IMPLEMENTATION OF CHANGE IN EMPLOYEES Kurt Lewin ,developed a management technique known as Force field analysis and is used to overcome resistance to change in an organization. According to Lewin, there are driving and restraining forces which influence any change that may occur in a situation. Driving forces Driving forces are forces that tends to initiate a change and keeps it going. pressure from a supervisor, competition may be some examples of driving forces in an organization. Restraining forces are forces acting to restrain or decrease the driving forces. For example, poor maintenance of equipment may restraining forces against increased production in an organization. In a group process, there are always some forces that favor the change and some forces that are against it. Therefore an equilibrium should be established and it is reached when the sum of the driving forces equals the sum of the restraining forces. To make the employees accept the changes, manager should push driving forces and convert or immobilize the restraining forces. HINDRANCES TO OD CHANGE PROGRAMS Uncertainty regarding change Employees resist change due to the uncertainty and ambiguity associated with the old ways of doing things. Generally,people tend to become more independent and active as they grow older and wiser in a firm. They become anxious accepting changes,they have fear of unknown.they are filled with insecurity due to lack of information in new techniques. Threats To Position Power This type of threat is often seen in top management,which threaten them to lower their status or prestige in a group during the process of change. Social Factors Every individual have social needs. While working in an organization employee becomes members of certain informal group and so,any change or new adjustment will bring a fear among them. The stronger the group ties,the greater the resistance of change. Threat to specialization. Any change in organization may also threaten the expertise of specialized groups. For example, giving specialized training to all the employees was perceived as a threat by the experts in an organization. Threat to insecurity Safety and security are high priority for every individual. and this is the major factor for resistance to change especially on the job front. When employees feel that the security of the job is at the stake due to the change, they resist it. WAYS TO LESSEN RESISTANCE It is very important for the managers to overcome the resistance of change in employees by using some of the following strategies:- Effective Communication: One of the foremost reason for resistance to change is inaccurate information or in other words lack of communication. Thus effective communication program can help in overcoming this resistance. Managers should give necessary information about any change, its process and its working through training class and conferences. Reasons for change must also be communicated very clearly among employees. This will help in making employees understand about the necessity of change in an organization. Participation and Involvement: Participation and involvement can help employee to accept changes in an organization. It helps in removing their doubts and to win their cooperation in the change process. This involvement of the workers can obtain personal commitment and increase the quality of the changed decisions. Negotiation and Agreement: Negotiation and Agreement technique is very useful and can make change go much smoothly. For example, union agreement, transferring employee to other divisions etc. Leadership: Leadership plays an important role in overcoming resistance to change. A capable leader can reinforce a climate of psychological support for change. A strong and effective leader can exert emotional pressure on his subordinates to bring about the desired change. (8) Coercion: Managers may choose to coercion if all other methods fail. Coercion may be in form of explicit or implicit threats involving loss of jobs, lack of promotion, etc. Managers sometimes dismiss employees who resist change. It can seriously affect employees attitudes and may also have adverse consequences in the long run. Managers consider change to be an important ingredient to the success of any organization and therefore it is extremely essential for them to overcome restraining forces of change amongst their employees ,using such strategies and techniques. Gaining acceptance of proposed changes is the foremost job of the management as it directly focuses on Organizational Development. It is not the strongest of the species that survive nor the most intelligent but the one most responsive to change Charles Darwin CONCLUSION Reinforcement theory deals with motivating and influencing behavior of employee. It is sometimes also referred as operant conditioning. In order to understand manager and employees perspective it is important to know the organizational behavior techniques and theory. Reinforcement theory shapes individual behaviors and so organization uses this theory to influence their employees. There are several principle of this theory which include positive reinforcement which is in terms of some monetary reward or non financial rewards,negative reinforcement which include dismissal or some kind of negative activity taken by managers, punishment and extinction. Then it is also important to understand as to when this theory should be applied by the management and so its scheduling is also significant aspect. Reinforcement scheduling can be continuous schedule or intermittent schedule. Further this paper focuses on application of this organizational behavior theory by the managers ,explaining managers actions and controls. It also focuses on restraining forces blocking implementation of changed program established by manager and later it also describes how to overcome resistance to these changes.

Great Divorce Essay examples -- essays research papers

This book is delightfully insightful in it is content. Lewis is the narrator of his story, which begins in Hell, a dreary town full of empty streets. Lewis uses a dream as the vehicle to carry his ideas. Lewis boards a bus for Heaven with other ghosts from the town. It is not until the last chapter of the book that the reader finds out that Lewis is actually having a dream. Lewis finds himself in a dark and dreary place, where the houses are gray and empty, a dismal rain never stops, and time is eternally stuck in the bleak period just before sunset. Walking through this abominable town, he happens to find a bus stop, which takes inhabitants out of this gloomy place and into a much brighter happier world. Slightly bewildered, Lewis boards the bus and begins a journey out of a city named Hell and into another city called Heaven. When he arrives at his destination, Lewis discovers that Hell’s inhabitants do not enjoy the beauty of this new land. In heaven, these people become ghosts because they are not strong enough to endure the substantive things of this world. The grass and water cut through their feet and even the tiniest object is to heavy for the ghosts to pick up. The rain would penetrate them like bullets would from a machine gun. The concept of Heaven being incredibly large and Hell being considerably small, smaller than a grain of sand is quite a comparison. The ghosts refused any help from the residents of heaven. One of the major mistakes the ghosts made was trying to conquer their struggles with their own powers. Time and again, Lewis sees the ghosts fail, but they still will not let go of what is holding them back. While Lewis is walking he meets George MacDonald who aids him in his journey through heaven. MacDonald tells Lewis that this journey is a dream, which will make clear to him that souls have a choice between Heaven and Hell and what that choice is. Lewis, at first, is unable to understand why the lost souls must be damned. However, he is finally persuaded that Hell is the only merciful solution for the lost souls. Passing by many sad spectacles of people from Hell, Lewis begins to understand, with the help of MacDonald, that these people must throw away everything and commit their lives to Christ. Whether a warning to or a reflection on society, the book stimulates thought and forces the reader to look inward at his or her own... ...ce too? Should not Christians weep over the lost? Should not we ask the Lord of the field to send laborers into His harvest (Luke 10:2)? Certainly! Lewis gives the reader a vivid account of how Heaven and Hell look like and what will happen once souls get there. I believe Lewis, through this book, was trying to show that people have a choice in whether or not they go to Heaven or Hell. People don't choose Hell with a full understanding of what they are doing. They don't have a clear picture of the eternal happiness they will miss or the everlasting separation and darkness they will endure. According to the Bible, Hell is a place of choice. As a result, the Bible repeatedly appeals to its readers to choose the way of life rather than the path of death and judgment. For what will it profit a man if he gains the whole world and loses his own soul? Or what will a man give in exchange for his soul (Mark 8:36,37)? So, what must one do in order to get to heaven? Jesus says in order to go to Heaven you must be born again (John 3:7). Lewis never comes out directly and tells them you must be saved. He does it in a way that leaves the reader thinking the only way is through Jesus Christ.

Searching For Meaning in Apocalypse Now Essay examples -- Movie Film c

Searching For Meaning in Apocalypse Now Francis Ford Coppola's film Apocalypse Now takes the audience into a tense and mystical journey through the Vietnam War. This long and agonizing journey is seen through the eyes of Captain Willard played by Martin Sheen. Sheen. Captain Willard is assigned to a mission that relies on him to assassinate Colonel Kurtz, who is played by Marlon Brando. Although Apocalypse Now is an examination of the many terrors of society that are connected to the Vietnam War, Coppola plays much of his film off Joseph Conrad's novel The Heart of Darkness. Conrad's story focuses on Captain Marlow who is parallel to Willard and the Colonel Kurtz possesses many of the same characteristics in both works. In both works, the Captain is to find the Colonel, but Coppola makes a very significant change in his film. This significant change is the transition of Captain Marlow assigned to find Colonel Kurtz in the Congo, to Captain Willard assigned to assassinate Colonel Kurtz in Cambodia. The fact that Willard has now become an assassin of Kurtz is very important in Coppola's over all point. It especially is important for the last ten minutes of the movie when Willard actually kills Kurtz. The final scenes of the film consist of Kurtz' reading of the poem "The Hollow Men" and the interplay of Willard killing Kurtz while the Cambodian Natives kill a water buffalo in a ritualistic setting. These changes and departures of the ending of Heart of Darkness are made so Coppola can make his point about the Vietnam War and society. The point being that the Vietnam War was completely meaningless and a lost cause among several others. However, as will be shown, these points come in conflict with eachother and are difficult to ... ... of the movie is. Apocalypse Now is definitely a movie fit for an audience who wishes to be stimulated with thought overload. The movie is filled with all kinds of metaphors to the Vietnam War and parallels to Heart of Darkness. Coppola makes alterations to Heart of Darkness to achieve his own personal point that is very different from Conrad's, but his point is still not completely clear. Coppola's opposition to the war is obvious but he throws in a lot of other elements to try to add even more onto that. Coppola uses Kurtz to examine the importance of not judging, "The Hollowness of Men", and the Christlike figure of Kurtz himself. All of these are great ideas, but the ideas are just scattered throughout the movie and show no cohesiveness. However, one can still appreciate Coppola's thought-provoking ideas without completely understanding what they all mean.

Rosa Parks :: essays research papers

Racism and prejudice have been dominant issues in the United States for many years. Being such a major issue is society, racism is also a major theme in one of the best pieces of American Literature, To Kill A Mockingbird. People, particularly African Americans, have been denied basic human rights such as getting a fair trial, eating in a certain restaurant, or sitting in certain seats of public buses. However, in 1955 a woman named Rosa Parks took a stand, or more correctly took a seat, on a public bus in Montgomery, Alabama. She refused to give her seat to a white man and was arrested for not doing so. The reasons and consequences and the significance of her stand are comparable in many ways to Atticus Finch's stand in To Kill A Mockingbird. Rosa Parks worked for the equality of all people. She was elected secretary of the Montgomery branch of the National Advancement of Colored People, unsuccessfully attempted to vote many times to prove her point of discrimination, and had numero us encounters with bus drivers who discriminated against blacks. She was weary of the discrimination she faced due to the Jim Crow laws, which were laws were intended to prohibit "black[Americans] from mixing with white [Americans]" ("Jim Crow Laws"1). Also, due to the Jim Crow laws, blacks were required to give their seats to white passengers if there were no more empty seats. This is exactly what happened on December 1, 1955. On her way home from work, Rosa Parks refused to give her seat to a white man and was shortly arrested (National Women's Hall of Fame1). Even though she knew what the consequences were for refusing to leave her seat, she decided to take a stand against a wrong that was the norm in society. She knew that she would be arrested, yet she decided that she would try to make a change. Although her arrest would seem like she lost her battle, what followed would be her victory. Rosa Parks's stand was so significant that she is called the mother of the civil rights movement (National Women's Hall of Fame1). Her arrest served as a catalyst for a massive boycott for public busses. Led by Martin Luther King, for 381 days, African Americans carpooled, walked, or found other ways of transportation. Despite the harassment everyone involved in the movement faced, the boycott continued and was extremely successful.

Ebay & Paypal

With more than 94 million active users globally, eBay is the world's largest online marketplace, where practically anyone can buy and sell practically anything. Founded in 1995, eBay connects a diverse and passionate community of individual buyers and sellers, as well as small businesses. Their collective impact on e-commerce is staggering: In 2010, the total worth of goods sold on eBay was $62 billion — more than $2,000 every second. For the latest stories about eBay, including recent financial performance, With more than 94 million active registered accounts worldwide, PayPal has made it possible for individuals and businesses to pay and get paid online across different locations, currencies and languages. Responding to the eBay community, which had quickly adopted PayPal as its preferred payment method, eBay Inc. acquired the company in 2002. Since then, PayPal's customer base has grown, both on eBay and across e-commerce. Having built a single global payments engine that has some of the best risk and fraud detection capabilities in the payments industry, PayPal continues to be one of the leading ways to pay online. Today, PayPal is available in 190 markets, 24 currencies, and is accepted by millions of online merchants around the world. With more than 94 million active users globally, eBay is the world's largest online marketplace, where practically anyone can buy and sell practically anything. Founded in 1995, eBay connects a diverse and passionate community of individual buyers and sellers, as well as small businesses. Their collective impact on e-commerce is staggering: In 2010, the total worth of goods sold on eBay was $62 billion — more than $2,000 every second. For the latest stories about eBay, including recent financial performance,

Perception Errors as Seen in “Twelve Angry Men” Essay

The innocent and the beautiful have no enemy but Time† – William Butler Yeats The movie â€Å"Twelve Angry Men† opens up with a sequence which justifies the above stated quote. The storyline follows the story of two random people chosen as jurors who have been asked to give a verdict on a murder case. The case involves the murder of a father by his teenage son. The verdict can be held legal and valid only if it is unanimous. At the start of the movie, everyone except a gentleman votes as ‘guilty’ for the boy. The gentleman expresses his desire to go over all the facts after which he would make his decision whether the teenager is guilty or not. After several deliberations, re-questioning of the stated facts and witness testimonials, slowly the jurors start changing their verdict from ‘guilty’ to ‘not-guilty’. The story ends with the unanimous verdict in the favor of the teenager. Common Perceptual Distortions: 1. Stereotype or Prototype: One of the jurors has the belief that teenagers growing up in slums tend to be criminals. A generalization on the behalf of the juror is incorrect. . Projection: One of the jurors shares a failing relationship with his own son. This creates an effect wherein he sees the image of his son in the teenager held in the trial. He tries to force his own conscious image onto the teenager and sees him as guilty. 3. Self Fulfilling Prophecy: One of the jurors is timid in nature and hence his opinions are not heard and ignored. 4. Mine is better thinking: One of the jurors thinks that since he is an influential person in his domain, he knows better because of his higher status in society. . Selective Perception: One of the jurors is only interested in finishing the verdict. He has no arguments in favour or against the teenager. 6. Pretending to Know: One of the jurors tries to justify everything by giving the statement ‘know what I mean’, inspite of having no concrete facts supporting his arguments. 7. Unwarranted Assumptions: One of the jurors holds onto the testimony that the murder weapon is unique. Also one more assumption is the thing that the sick man can cover a long distance to the stairs in a few seconds. 8. Attacking other people : One of the jurors starts fighting and shouting at everyone as if that would prove that others are wrong. 9. Halo Effect: The fact that the teenager stays in the slums creates a general impression in one of the jurors’ minds that the teenager is guaranteed a criminal. 10. False Consensus Effect: At the beginning of the session, all but one decide as ‘guilty’ on the verdict. Many of the jurors gave their vote just on the simple reason that others would give the same, and not on their own opinions.

Level Of Crime Is Increasing And Crimes Are Becoming Violent

Nowadays, it is observed that the level of crime is increasing and is more violent as compared many years ago. There are various factors that lead to this problem and some of them will be discussed and its solution will also be tackled. Nowadays, it is observed that the number of criminality is rising in several countries and is more violent. There are various factors why this is happening and myriad of interventions to solve it. In this essay, I would enumerate some reasons and solutions about it.First of all, the root cause of present crime incidents is drugs. Suspects of heinous crimes like murder and rape are found under the influence of drugs. Even minor individuals are into drug addiction and are tempted to commit crimes in order to satisfy one’s longing. Another factor to the significant increase of crime rates is due to poverty. Many families are suffering from hunger and are struggling from their day to day living.Earning below minimum wage and the various increase in prices of the basic commodities make them uncomfortable and problematic. Due to this fact, they tend to resort to various crimes like stealing, car napping, hold up and even murder just for survival. In order to minimize drug related crimes, the government must implement stricter policy in enforcing the campaign against drug trafficking. Drug lords and dealers must be imprisoned for life and be penalized.In the case of poverty, the government should provide more budget to the Department of Education and even provide subsidized tuition to students of low-earning families. In this manner, these students will have a chance of attaining a degree and will have a much better career in the future that will lift their families from poverty. Thus, this will have a domino effect in decreasing the crime incidents in the community. Therefore, drug addiction and poverty should be primarily addressed by the government to decrease the country’s crime rate.

Ensure Team Effectiveness Project

Momi jeweler| Sandeep kaur std01943| Aitt college| | Table of Contents 1 Name of the organisation2 2 Your position2 3 Type of position:2 4 Organisation background:2 5 Your role:2 6 Action plan:-2 7 Outcomes3 8 Alternative process3 8 IMPLEMENTATION4 10 Budget allocation4 11 conclusion4 1 Name of the organisation: momi jewellery shop 2 Your position:- Team leader of distribution and warehousing. 3 Type of position: – frontline management position. Reason for your new position developed: – there are many reason for develop team leader of distribution and warehousing position.The one reason is that nobody there to work for this situation, to achieve their goals, completes the organisation’s expectations. Work for company profit and production and provide good service to people so that every person can do their work with responsibility. 4 Organisation background:- it is a large jeweller firm. The organisation manufactures, imports and repairs jewellery for distributio n to its many stores in all states. There are 12 team members, from different background and with differing levels of expertise.Some team members have worked with the organisation and in this vision, for members of years. Other team members are relatively new, while some have worked in other department/ sections of the organisation before being transferred to your division. 5 Your role: – your initial role, therefore, is that of trouble shooter, problem solver and team facilitator. You need to bring this group of people together to form a cohesive, effective and productive team. 6 Action plan:- action plan are very necessary to get a team goals and their expectation ,This Action Plan builds upon the Strategic Framework developed as a, result of an extensive research programme with businesses in the Jewellery shop, 2 The purpose of the research was to produce evidence to inform the development of a Strategy and Action Plan to support businessgrowth and development in the secto r. While the focus wastherefore on factors affecting economic development, the researchcovered broader aspects relating to sustainability, i. . environmentaland social factors. As a result a number of indirect factors have beenidentified and these have been taken into account in formulating boththe Strategy and Action Plan. 3The Actions have short medium and long lead delivery times. Each Action has been developed as aPracticalactivity, although some may be considered to be preparationfor future delivery. Where possible they build upon broaderinterventions already on offer to the business community from arange of stakeholders and providers. Apprenticeship orImproversNetwork:-Identify those companies that would support andshare the cost of developing a network which enableda small number of apprenticeships to be awardedeach year and provided work placements forimprovers. Starters fund Establish small grants schemes to supportbusiness start-ups with access to equipmentand purchase of tools. 7 Outcomes 1 Improved understandingand focus on trainingavailable and successionplanning. 2 Raised awareness of thesector 3More new product andimprove turnaround times (reference=http://www. jewelleryquarter. net/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/jibss_action_plan24909. df) 8 Alternative process If these process will not working then we have to use alternative process so the person can perform well like forming, storming, norming and performing these are the necessary stages for team development. So there must be training process so the employ can learn properly and perform properly 8 IMPLEMENTATION The following section sets out some proposals for the adoption andimplementation of the Action Plan. Action 1: An early activity should be to gain formal recognition for the Plan from Jewellers Association Company as principal funders of itsdevelopment.The achievement of this recognition should be led bysupport of the Steering Group and the nominated Business Champion. Action plan 2 shou ld bring together appropriate representativesfrom those agencies identified in the Plan to confirm their support and to identify/confirm the lead organisation for each activity. This group,or some form of it, should agree to develop a formal remit and to actas a project management group for implementation. Action plan 3 An assessment of the resourcing implications ofimplementation and delivery. This should include identifyingfunding to enable the employment of a co-ordinator. 10 Budget allocationAction | Budget / Expenses ($)| 01| 5000| 02| 2750| 03| 3600| 04| 8900| 11 conclusion In the end we can say that in this large jewellery shop which is working for manufactures, import and repairs jewellery and it has many store in all states. I just have appointed there for team leader as a frontline management position so I can work for complete its expectation and goals. there were lack communication so I made some of action plan which will good shop and it will increase its productivity. 12 reference Books and website:- (http://www. jewelleryquarter. net/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/jibss_action_plan24909. pdf)

Strategy Evaluation for the Lloyd bank organisation Assignment

Strategy Evaluation for the Lloyd bank organisation - Assignment Example Lloyds heavily relies on its brand to achieve success, but also combines this with an excellent grasp of consumer needs (Bicker 2013: 51). As such, the company has formulated corporate objectives that are aimed at providing relevant, customised, and superior services to consumers in all categories. Over the years, the bank has realised that although its brand is strong enough to fuel its success, that alone is not enough to ensure sustainable growth in a rapidly developing banking sector. In lieu of this, the company has developed and implemented a customer satisfaction blueprint that is aimed at providing the best banking services to current and potential customers (Wilson 2013: 36). This blueprint is guided by efficiency, good ambience, excellent customer support, cordial customer relations, and a consumer engagement mechanism that is based on feedback and interaction. Lloyds’ customer satisfaction strategy has been instrumental in its current success, particularly due to th e bank’s ability to develop new, innovative services that improve service delivery. As the banking sector becomes more competitive, financial institutions realise that their service portfolios are becoming increasingly similar. This has prompted a shift to excellence in service, something that Lloyds has embraced as part of its corporate strategy. The UK and global banking sectors are experiencing numerous changes that are driven by innovation and technology. The rise in mobile and online banking is an example of a shift in focus that is driving growth in the sector. However, it is also becoming obvious that banks have fundamentally similar offerings and procedures. This also applies to the technological and innovation aspects of banking, which are now common in almost all banks (Casson & Rose 2014:35). For example, almost all banks in the United Kingdom have mobile and online banking services

TQM in Hospitals and Healthcare organizations Essay

TQM in Hospitals and Healthcare organizations - Essay Example very critical to the quality of health care, public expectations have also been one of the main reasons in increasing health care quality .There are diverse strategies and multiple approaches to improve the safety and the quality of services. (John, 2003) Health Care Industries require optimal quality levels as it provides vital services and is usually measured with various indicators such as mortality rates, rate of medical errors, avoidable injuries to patients etc. (Fawziah S Balghonaim, 2009) There has been a momentous interest in the application of Total quality management and Continuous quality improvement (TQM and CQI) in many of the Health Care Organizations in the recent past. (Colleen, 2003) Implementations of TQM have been in high demand in many organizations and have also been made compulsory in others to face both internal and external challenges. TQM implementation will also help the public and private health Organizations to achieve good quality health services and also compete globally. (Fawziah S Balghonaim, 2009) Quality Management is very essential in all companies especially in the health care industry due to the type and nature of service rendered. Quality in this sector consists of customer quality of life, services rendered and patient satisfaction. (Fawziah S Balghonaim, 2009)There are 3 TQM principles identified by Hill and Wilkinson (1995) which are, Total quality management is viewed as the best way to implement rapid improvement in the process. TQM has become critical and mandatory as there is high level of competition between health sector organizations and increase in demand for high quality services. It helps in providing customer satisfaction and also achieving the desired outcomes for these hospitals. Implementation of TQM involves all the levels of management. It involves all the staff, employees, doctors and nurses in the health care organization and it covers all the activities. Top level involvement and continuous

Environmental Health and Epidemiology Assignment

Environmental Health and Epidemiology - Assignment Example Again, 7.82 females under the age group of 20 – 24 years per 100,000 is ascertained to acquire skin cancer while for the same age group 0.41 males per 100,000 females are identified to suffer from skin cancer. For the age group under 25 – 29 years, 11.85 per 100,000 females are identified with skin cancer; on the other hand, the male population of 0.45 per 100,000 females are reckoned to have skin cancer. Female population has further been estimated at 11.85 of under the age group of the 30 – 34 years per 100,000 while 0.45 males per 100, females are diagnosed with skin cancer. At the same time, for the female age group ranging 85 years and above, per 100,000 females with skin cancer is ascertained to be 40.27 while for the same age group of males, the incidence rate is 3.14 for skin cancer. Correspondingly, the highest ratio of males over 100,000 females with skin cancer is reckoned to the population falling in the age group of 85 years and above, while the lowe st age group is estimated to be the male population ranging between 20-24 years. The weighted mean of stratum-specific rate (age-adjusted rate) is recognized as the crude rate or overall rate. The variations between the crude rates of the two populations entail distinctions in the distribution of characteristics. Thus, the crude rate is compared to the age-adjusted rate based on these differences (Diener-West & Kanchanaraksa, 2008). Table 2 determined the number of expected counts in the male population by adjusting to the female rates. According to the above table, it is estimated that where 0.37 females per 100,000 have the risk of skin cancer, 1889077.43 males are estimated to be diagnosed with skin cancer. Accordingly, it has been identified that the highest expected male population is 117980732 per 100,000 female population with skin cancer. On the other hand, the

Sustainable Concrete Environmental Studies Coursework

Sustainable Concrete Environmental Studies - Coursework Example This industry has been identified as causing massive environmental damages within the production area. The materials used like cement produce a lot of dust and, therefore, contribute greatly to this pollution. Gore & Steffen (2008) states that with the current issues of climate change and global warming, this industry are faced with a surmountable task of alienating itself from the effects of climate change. This raises the issue of ‘going green’ – manufacturing using eco-friendly procedures and operations. Challenges Industrialization in the recent years shows an immense impact on the environment. There have been some positive effects as well as negative ones. The negative effects of industrialization on the environment continue to cause the players within the industry acclaimed nightmares. In the manufacturing industry, top among the environmental concerns has been the emission of greenhouse gases. These gases have been identified as a leading cause of pollution to the ozone layer. The effects of these emissions have become evident around the globe with adverse effects of global warming becoming a reality as time progresses (Edward, 2006). Immense pressure continues to pile for manufacturers to adopt manufacturing methods showing low levels of carbon emissions. Concrete manufacturing industry also faces the challenge of dust which causes chest infections while contributing to environmental degradation. The adoption of sustainable manufacturing processes seems to be an invention in the right direction. A relative pollution reduction level has been achieved by the industry players who have adopted the culture of sustainable manufacturing. Sustainable manufacturing can be defined as the new way of doing business in the manufacturing industry (Frank-Martin and Peattie, 2009). It ensures that, while organizations adopt new environment friendly sources of energy, competitiveness is maintained by the business. Most manufacturers do this by improv ing their processes and products as well. The process of production poses a bigger challenge to the environment than the product. The method most manufactures have adopted to achieve sustainable manufacturing has been the use of 3Rs (reduce, recycle reuse). This method aims at reducing emission of wastes, finding uses for the waste products and recycling any manufactured item which can be recycled. The challenges posed by this approach are still enormous. The company would make a shift into manufacturing using sustainable production methods. It aims at reducing the amount of emission it delivers to the environment. Dust produced by concrete manufacturing plant needs to be controlled. Through the control of the amount of dust emitted, the company shall be able to achieve environmentally sustainable production level. This level can be marked by reduced emissions and pollution from a single plant. The company can install air compression facilities on the machines used for production. T hese facilities shall ensure the machine produces smaller amounts of air into the environment. The air produced by machines has been identified as what blows dust into the environment. Through compression, the level of dust emission shall be reduced leading to reduced dust pollution from the plant as a whole. In the UK construction and demolitions, have been identified as the two biggest waste streams. The impact of this has a direct impact on the concrete production industry. Managing this waste would significantly

Development and Use of Curricular Adaptations for Students Receiving Research Paper

Development and Use of Curricular Adaptations for Students Receiving Special Education Services - Research Paper Example There are some common special needs, which are included in the special education that is crucial for imparting proper knowledge. Students who need special education, suffers with various problems as they are not as headstrong as the normal students. They face communication disabilities, learning disabilities, emotional and behavioral disorder, physical disabilities, and development disabilities and hence need special attention. The students who are surviving with these types of disabilities will get benefited from these special types of education. These students are provided with additional education services, which require different types of technology specially adopted for teaching area or a resource room, which helps in providing different approaches of teaching (British Columbia Ministry of Education, 2013). The objective of the study is to describe about the various aspects of special education. The study will define about the various steps that have been adapted for the development processes for imparting special education, which will be helpful for the success of those disable students in the educational field. The other aim of the study is to describe about the curricular adoptions for the students who are receiving the special educational services. The main purpose of the study is to establish the effective developmental techniques and process for establishing special educational need for students. The special education is a mechanism, which refers as a social and educational service that has been provided by the some schools and educational institution. The purpose of special education is to provide pleasant atmosphere for effective education to all the students who are disable. The main purpose of special education is to empower the impartial participation of those students who want special need and attention for better development and societal standard. The special need