Wednesday, November 27, 2019

The Gods in the Iliad free essay sample

He uses the scales of fate and justice to determine his actions, but he can also be persuaded by personal petitions from the gods. Also look for the gods role in scenes highlighting their functions. For example: Oath or swearing scenes: Zeus Guest friendship or xenia: Zeus Prophecy: Apollo Message bearing: Iris or Hermes Divine Epithets: Homer does not always refer to characters by their names. He can also refer to them via epithets or nicknames. For example: Atreides = Agamemnon and Menelaus Son of Menoitios = Patroklos Gerenian horseman = Nestor The same is true for the gods. See how many gods you can recognize here: Which god is â€Å"father of gods and men†? Which goddess is owl-eyed? Which goddess is ox-eyed? Which god is the Lord of Hera? Which god is Argeiphontes or â€Å"the Guide†? Which god is â€Å"lord of the shining bolt†? Which god is â€Å"he who strikes from afar†? Which god is â€Å"lord of the silver bow†? Which god is â€Å"god of the dragging feet†? Which goddess is â€Å"goddess of the white arms†? Which goddess is Tritongeneia? Which god is the Son of Kronos? Which goddess is the Kyprian or the Lady of Kypros? Which god is â€Å"Worker from Afar†? Which god is the earth-shaker? Which god is Phoibos? Which goddess is Pallas? The Gods in the Plot Here are some noteworthy scenes in which the gods play a significant role: Book 1 Apollo and the plague Athena restrains Achilles Zeus, Thetis, and Hera Hephaistos and his Parents Book 2 Zeus sends Agamemnon a dream Iris, the messenger goddess Book 3 Aphrodite rescues Paris from duel with Menelaus Aphrodite and Helen Book 4 Assembly of the Gods Hera gets Zeus to promise the defeat of Troy Athena persuades Pandaros to break the truce Book 5 Aphrodite rescues Aineias Diomedes wounds Aphrodite Aphrodite and Dione Arming of Athene Diomedes wounds Ares Wounded Ares on Mt. We will write a custom essay sample on The Gods in the Iliad or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Olympus Book 6 Trojan Women Pray to Athena Book 7 Conference between Athena and Apollo Athena and Apollo agree to a single combat (leads to contest between Hector and Ajax) Zeus and Poseidon Book 8 Assembly of the Gods Zeus forbids the gods from fighting and goes to Mt. Ida where he weighs the fates of the Greeks and the Trojans in a scale and the Greeks lose. Hera and Poseidon Hera and Athena Zeus Returns to Mt. Olympus Book 11 Zeus sends down Hate Zeus sends Iris to Hektor Book 13 Arrival of Poseidon who secretly helps the Greeks Book 14 Hera seduces Zeus to distract him and help the Greeks Book 15 Zeus wakes from sleep to find Poseidon helping the Greeks. Gods on Olympus Athena calms Ares down Zeus sends message to Poseidon Zeus sends Apollo to Hektor to help the Trojans but reaffirms the ultimate fate of Troy. Book 16 Zeus weeps for Sarpedon Book 17 Zeus laments fate of Hektor Book 18 Thetis laments death of Patroklos with Achilles Thetis persuades Hephaistos to make new armor for Achilles. Book 19 Athena restores the strength of mourning Achilles Book 20 Assembly of the Gods Zeus releases the gods to act as they will. Apollo talks to Aineias Hera and Poseidon plot Poseidon rescues Trojan Aeneas. Book 21 Achilles fights the river god with help of Hera and Poseidon. Hera encourages Hephaistos to help The gods in hand to hand combat: Ares, AphroditeAthena; ApolloPoseidon; HeraArtemis; HermesLeto Ares vs. Athena Book 22 Zeus weighs fate of Hector and he loses. Book 24 Assembly of the Gods Thetis is summoned to Olympus Zeus, through Thetis, commands Achilles to release the body of Hector. Hermes Psychopompos guides Priam to Achilles tent.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Harsh Punishment Backfires in Prison, Researcher Says

Harsh Punishment Backfires in Prison, Researcher Says Currently, the U.S. leads the world in the rate of incarceration. The current numbers show that 612 people per 100,000 residents age 18 or older are imprisoned.   According to some criminal justice experts, the current prison system puts too much emphasis on harsh punishment and not enough on rehabilitation and it simply does not work. The current system only provides a breeding ground for more aggressive and violent behavior, according to Joel Dvoskin, PhD of the University of Arizona and author of Applying Social Science to Reduce Violent Offending. Aggression Breeds Aggression Prison environments are replete with aggressive behaviors, and people learn from watching others acting aggressively to get what they want, Dvoskin said. It is his belief that behavior modification and social learning principles can work inside prison just as they do outside. Certainty vs. Severity of Punishment In criminological research performed by Valerie Wright, Ph.D., Research Analyst at The Sentencing Project, it was determined that certainty of punishment, rather than the severity of punishment is more likely to deter criminal behavior. For example, if a city announces that police will be out in force looking for drunk drivers during a holiday weekend, it would likely increase the number of people who decide not to risk drinking and driving. Severity of punishment attempts to scare potential criminals because the punishment that they could receive is not worth the risk. This is the bases behind why states have adopted the tough policies such as Three Strikes.   The concept behind severe punishments assumes that the criminal is rational enough to weigh out the consequences before committing the crime.   However, as Wright points out, since half of the criminals that are locked up in U.S. prisons were drunk or high on drugs at the time of the offense, it is unlikely that they had the mental capacity to logically asses the consequences of their actions. Unfortunately, because of a shortage of police per capita and prison overcrowding, most crimes do not result in arrest or criminal incarceration. Clearly, enhancing the severity of punishment will have little impact on people who do not believe they will be apprehended for their actions. says Wright. Do Longer Sentences Improve Public Safety? Studies have shown that longer sentences result in higher rates of recidivism. According to Wright, accumulated data of 50 studies going back as far as 1958 on a total of 336,052 offenders with various criminal offenses and background showed the following: Offenders who averaged 30 months in prison had a recidivism rate of 29 percent. Offenders who averaged 12.9 months in prison had a recidivism rate of 26 percent. The Bureau of Justice Statistics did a study tracking 404,638 prisoners in 30 states after their release from prison in 2005. The researchers found that: Within three years of release, about two-thirds (67.8 percent) of released prisoners were rearrested.Within five years of release, about three-quarters (76.6 percent) of released prisoners were rearrested.Of those prisoners who were rearrested, more than half (56.7 percent) were arrested by the end of the first year. The research team theorizes that although offender services and programs may have a direct effect on desistance, individuals must decide independently to transform themselves into ex-offenders. However, the numbers do support Wrights argument that longer sentences result in higher rates of recidivism. Reaccessing the Economics of Current Crime Policies Both Wright and Dvoskin agree that the current money spent on incarceration has drained valuable resources and has not been effective in making communities safer. Wright points to a study done in 2006 that compared the cost of community drug treatment programs vs. the cost of incarcerating drug offenders. According to the study, a dollar spent on treatment in prison yields about six dollars of savings, whereas a dollar spent in community-based treatment yields nearly $20 in costs savings. Wright estimates that a savings $16.9 billion annually could be saved by a 50 percent reduction in the number of incarcerated non-violent offenders. Dvoskin feels that the rising prison population with the corresponding lack of increase in prison staff has reduced the ability of prison systems to supervise work programs that allow prisoners to build skills.   This makes it very hard to re-enter into the civilian world and increases the likelihood of going back to prison, Dvoskin said. Therefore, the priority should be placed on decreasing prison populations, he said: This can be done by paying more attention to those with the highest risk of violent behavior rather than focusing on lesser crimes, such as minor drug offenses. Conclusion By reducing the number of non-violent prisoners, it would free up the necessary money to invest in detecting criminal behavior which would increase the certainty of punishment and also allow for more effective programs that could help in reducing recidivism. Source: Workshop: Using Social Science to Prevent Violent Crime, Joel A. Dvoskin, PhD, University of Arizona College of Medicine Saturday, Aug. 8, Metro Toronto Convention Centre. Deterrence in Criminal Justice, Valerie Wright, Ph.D., The Sentencing Project.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Antony and Cleopatra Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Antony and Cleopatra - Essay Example Therefore, it becomes debatable if he actually lost honor or gained honor over the course of the play. Berek (1981) notes that the play is full of conflicts and these conflicts are internal as well as external. For example, the conflict between Rome and Egypt is an external conflict which is reflected in political struggles as well as war in which honor can be gained or lost. For Antony however, the internal conflicts between reason and emotion as well as duty and love are more difficult to handle than war or politics. In fact, the character of Mark Antony gains as wel as loses honor because of these conflicts that he can not handle and as reported by Berek, â€Å"These fatal conflicts corrupt Mark Antony (in the older view of the play) or (as more recent critics argue) translate the lovers into a realm of pure nobility† (1981, Pg. 295). The case of Antony is also complicated by the fact that his definition of honor focuses on who he is as a person. Instead of considering himself to be honorable if he is able to vanquish his enemies or honorable if he is able to help his friends in need, he considers his honor to be his own self. He says â€Å"If I lose my honor, / I lose myself† (Act 3, Scene 4) and for him, this definition is sufficient. While we have a general idea of what were honorable acts during the times the play is set, we have no real insight into what Mark Antony considers to be the exact meaning of honor. We do however get an idea of what he could think is a loss of honor since falling in love with Cleopatra has made his lose his wife and his sense of duty towards Rome. In Act 1, Scene 2, Antony says that he could â€Å"lose himself† since he is continually doting upon Cleopatra and not focusing on his duties. At the same time, there is honor and inherent nobility in love which he considers to be more important than the duties that he feels. This sort of flip flop lets the audience know that he is indeed an honorable man but he is in

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Is the cost of college too high Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Is the cost of college too high - Essay Example Many argue that the fee structure in most of the colleges is utterly costly and is so designed to keep out the poor. Actually, it is not so. Students find colleges costly because they tend to approach education in an unorganized (Kaplan 36). Students can readily earn college credits by opting for advanced placement classes in their High Schools and accruing high scores on a range of standardized tests. Earning college credits can save students much money while pursuing a college education. One other argument that is put forward is that most of the top notch colleges have a way too high tuition fee and the education imparted by these colleges does not commensurate with their high fee structure. Well, realistically speaking, students should evaluate colleges on a cost to benefit basis (Bissonette 46). If the cost of education in a college is not at par with its fee structure, students could always relinquish such colleges and opt for institutions which extend value for what they pay (Bissonette 46). Students should opt for value instead of a snob appeal, while selecting colleges. Often, the payment capacity of the students is cited as an excuse for not being able to access college education. It is argued that many a times, students and parents end up in debt to seek college education. The reality is that there are many colleges with a low fee structure, which students can easily pay by working in summers and weekends. They can opt for affordable in state colleges that offer scholarships instead of costly private colleges (Tanabe & Tanabe 12). This way they can solicit quality college education without being a burden on their parents and without accruing debts. So the crux of the matter is that the cost of college education is not too high. Students can afford a good college education if they choose to be resourceful and planned. Earning college credits by opting for standardized tests in High Schools could significantly lower the

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Online Education Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Online Education Theory - Essay Example Bullen and Janes (2007) reckon that institutions of higher education around the world are now appreciating the importance of e-learning as a strategy of managing the ever-growing and ever-changing student populations. Life-long learning has become a necessity, while at the same time time-constraints and job commitments and the sheer numbers of students pursuing education make it more sensible to pursue other forms of delivering education besides the traditional institution-based form. As a result, distance learning was born and developed and now online education is developing at ever increasing rates. Beard et al. (2007) however argues that there is a risk of e-learning focusing on the technological aspect rather than the educational aspect; that is, more emphasis on the â€Å"e† than on the â€Å"learning†. A deep theoretical foundation is thus required to sustain e-learning. From the learning theories developed for traditional face-to-face education, theories for onli ne teaching and learning can be extrapolated and studied. This paper addresses a theoretical framework for online education based on existing ones, based on the statement that a constructivist-minimalist theory is the most effective in guiding online teaching and learning. This theory is developed from my own experience as an online learning student and hence I will focus on how the theory guides my approach to e-learning and how it affects my learning practices. The Constructivism-Minimalism Theory I developed this theory from two existing theories; the constructivism and the minimalism theories. To begin with, the constructivism theory is one in which cognition is focused upon. The learner undertakes an active learning process in which new ideas are constructed from their knowledge (Kearsely, 1994). It is meant to influence the student to explore beyond the information given to them by the instructor through cognitive structures which provide meaning and organization. Bruner (1966 ) states that the instructor should aim to influence the students to construct their own hypotheses, and make decisions and discover principles on their own. A spiral model is utilized to make students build knowledge upon existing knowledge in them. The instructor designs the most effective sequence for presentation of material and structures it to facilitate the learners’ comprehension. A consequence of the constructivism theory is that it enables me to associate it with another theory so as to come up with my own perspective. Carroll’s Minimalist theory is specifically designed for computer users and hence quite applicable to online education. In a close relation to Bruner’s constructivism theory, the minimalist theory also focuses on exploiting the learner’s previous knowledge and experience besides advocating for an active learning process. The backbone to the minimalist theory is the idea that instructors should minimize the obstruction of learning resulting from instructional materials and instead focus efforts on activities that are learner-directed. Passive forms of learning are minimized, with the learners being prompted to fill in the gaps, besides error recognition and recovery activities (Carroll, 1998; Kearsely, 1994; Patsula, 1999). The Constructivist-minimalist theory that I have developed

Friday, November 15, 2019

Cross Culture Understanding And Tourism Cultural Studies Essay

Cross Culture Understanding And Tourism Cultural Studies Essay Analyse three important aspects of cross-cultural understanding which affect tourism. No one would challenge the fact that tourism has become an international phenomenon of global consequence (Uysal, 1994, p.123). The internationalization of the tourism industry is complex and wide ranging. It is a type of cross-cultural communication and understanding. For instance, tourists who come from all over the world may have numerous encounters while visiting a destination such as accommodation, transportation, attractions and catering. Meanwhile, the tourism industry has to organize tourism resources well and also fulfil tourists satisfaction (David Jackie, 2009, p.139) from their different cultural backgrounds. Cross-cultural communication is based on languages, customs, foods and religions. Thesis Statement: Cross-cultural communication has lead to the growth of the tourism market in the last decades and is booming in 21st century. International tourism is typical cross-cultural communication. Millions of people have encountered other cultures primarily to pursue a vacation (Kim, 2001, para. 3) to experience various cultures and customs. Purpose Statement: The purpose of this essay is to analyse three important aspects of cross cultural understanding which affect global tourism in terms of communication methods, foods as well as religions. First, it will outline the most important aspects of cross-cultural understanding in the industry. Secondly, it will explain why they are important for both tourists and hosts by providing some examples. Finally, some suggestions will be given for running a successful global tourism business. Body A Language 1. Language is very important for a tourist Language is the code (Wagen, 1997, p 41) in cross-cultural communication, it is important in tourism for both tourists and hosts because it is the means by which meaning is constructed between them. It has been viewed as exchange of information and cultural differences. If they cant understand the same language the tourist experience will be unsatisfactory. Furthermore, the hosts wont be able to provide a quality product or experience and their business and reputation depend on doing so. For example, if we look at the experience of Japanese tourists who visit Australia, they need to be able to get accurate information for visiting the places they want to see. Since the tourists speak Japanese and the people in the tourism destination speak English, it can give rise to problems in terms of no communication and misunderstanding. In addition to that, other situations where language is very important to tourists are accidents or crises of some kind like losing a wallet or getting lost i n the situation of tourists cannot understand the information which have been provided on the signage (du Cros, 2007. p. 228) as well as they cant communicate in English. These can be very serious matters. 2. Language is an important factor that tourism hosts have to take into consideration. In order to obtain cross-cultural understanding and make tourism satisfied with their overseas travel. Language is an important factor. Tourism hosts should be aware of tourists language habit and tradition. In the case of Japanese visit Australia, it is important that the host enterprises provide some on-site interpretation (du Cros, 2007, p. 235) service. They basically tend to remove the confusion between difference languages. In addition, to provide some Japanese information, for example, Japanese version of warning, introduction as well as catalogues will help them to understand. In case of some accidents will happen during the traveling. The travel agency also needs to provide some Japanese document which including information of embassy, police offices and other organizations. On the other hand, despite Japanese tourists can speak English while they travel in Australia, their way of expression is different from native speakers. Therefore, to understand Japaneses verbal communication skills and traditions plays a significant role in tourism industry especially for hosts. FitzGerald (1998, p.23) provided the fact that the way of answer the questions in terms of you dont, do you we cant, can we. To native speaker, their answer is No when they agree with this sentence. But Japanese peoples answer is yes, which is opposite meaning to English speakers. It is because there is no rhetorical question in Japanese dialogue. The answer is following the question in Japanese whereas it is in according to the fact in English. Therefore, it is better to avoid offering these sorts of questions to Japanese, otherwise it will lead to misunderstanding. Furthermore, Japanese people who travel in Australia would give their opinion by translate Japanese to English directly, whic h means the style (FitzGerald, 1998, p.23) of answer is different from English. According to FitzGerald, when Japanese give feedback, they prefer repeat yes instead of OK or I got it. Those are examples of different verbal communication in Japanese and English which make hosts to take into consideration when they provide tourism service. Non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication is very important for a tourist. According to Reisinger (2002, p.31) Cross-cultural difference are not only refers to verbal communication, but also existed in all sorts of human activities between foreigner tourist and local hosts. Non-verbal behavior is a significant element for a tourist because it is easier to be noticed and understood than verbal communication. Mehrabian(as cited in wagen,1997, p43)state that less than 10% of the message is communicated by words recording, as twice as much that of the message expressed by languages and 70% of through non-verbal language in terms of posture, gesture and facial expression. What is more, the behaviors of greeting, formality as well as body touching are important means of non-verbal communication which are reflected by tourists. Non-verbal communication is an important factor that tourism hosts have to take into consideration. Likewise the verbal communication which is indispensable, to tourism hosts, non-verbal communication is important as well. According to FitzGerald (1998, p.xii), for the Asian people who visit Australia, the hosts should be aware of their sensibilities of their own cultures and customs. For instance, for Chinese people, there is not too much body touch between male and female. They prefer to smile and pad without touching. The only touching is hands shaking while first meet which is widely being accepted recently. Therefore, hosts should avoid much body contact. This names cards which be considered the representation of persons face should fully aware by hosts. It is suggested to pass them with two hands as well as accept them in a similar fashion (FitzGerald, 1998, p.63) when give name cards to customers. Meanwhile, they should be accepted respectfully and reading carefully the names cards of their customers, which is a sort of etiquette in international business. It is better, espe cially for tourists who from Japan and Korea, to pass and receive all the objects to use both hands. What is more, gesture in terms of a kind of body language can easily be identified by hosts. People from different cultural backgrounds have different speculations of body languages. Several examples are provided below which present the different features of body languages of Asian people. Table 1.1 Body Language gestures from around Asia. (Van der Wagen, L, 1997) China Sucking air through the teeth occurs when something is surprising or difficult. In China it is best to change the request to avoid the embarrassment of having to say No. The host always has his back to the door while the chief guset faces the door. To beckon someone, the palm faces downward and the fingers are moved in a scratching motion. Bones are often left alongside the dish. When finished eating the custom is to place the chopsticks parallel across the bowl. Indonesia Indonesians rarely disagree in public and will laugh together and hold them over their heads. Guests do not drink until the host begins. Where the table is large, rapping the knuckles on the table is a form of restaurants people may share tables. Japan Direct eye contact can be seen as intimidating. Bowing in greeting is customary. Waving the hand in front of the face signals I dont knowor I dont understand. A waiters attention is attracted by catching his eye and dipping the head. Listening without interruption is polite. A Japanese person wearing a mask in public probably has a cold. Korea The Western gesture for come here is only used for dogs. To beckon someone in Korea the arm is extended, palm down and a scratching motion is used. Drunkenness is quickly forgiven. Thailand Showing the soles of the feet or pointing with a foot is insulting as the foot is seen as the dirtiest part of the body. The head is the most sacred part of the body, and children should not be patted on the head. The left hand is unclear and is not used to pass objects or food. (Source: Van der Wagen. 2002, p. 44) Food What food means to a tourist. Food is considered as an aspect of cultures. It is important to tourist because they can experiment the local culture via taste local food. There are increasing recognition that tourist who travel around are aim to enjoy the variety of local cuisine, drink as well as snack. Sim (as cited in Urry Wang, 2007.p.328) argued that tourists is going to obtain typical signs which representative a place that comfort to their own expectations, foods and drinks would be a good example. Therefore, tourists are likely to perchance regional specialities (Sim as cited in Urry Wang, 2007.p.328) as well as sit in the famous local restaurant to enjoy the authentic local food. Meanwhile,it also be argued that the to develop the local catering is a kind of connection between consumers and the local residents. Tourists are looking for commodities that can give them an insight into the nature of a place and people who living there. so that they will encounter the dialect, customs, life styles and people s dressing code while they visit these restaurants, which is a powerful part of an integrated tourism experience. Local specialities as a sort of souvenir are different from other objects, for example, tickets. They provide both visible memories (local words, pictures) as well as sensory memories (Sim as cited in Urry Wang, 2007.p.328) which has stronger association with the local culture they have experienced. How a tourism host has to think about food for tourists. Sims (2009, p.328) states that to designing and provide high-quality catering or distinctive local food products is one way of promote local food brands. Normally, there are several famous local restaurant can be introduced to tourists during their travelling. Hosts should be aware of successful tourism management have to develop a range of local catering service which can be distinguished from other tourism management and attract a constantly visitors streaming. Meanwhile, it is vital for hosts to master the food restrictions which belong to different customers. In the Christian calendar, two significant events must be remembered: Easter day and Christmas. Both of them are the commemoration of Jesus Christ whereas Ester day follows a lunar cycle (FitzGerald, 1998, p. 7) and Christmas day is fixed every year. Despite of some of them would avoid red meat on Friday there is no particular food restriction for Christines. Some special food should be prepared and provided in Hotel and res taurant on Easter day and big family Christmas feast (FitzGerald, 1998, p.7). In addition, most of the Buddhists are vegetarian because vegetarianism (FitzGerald, 1998, p.13) is the single restriction for food of this religion. This issue should be noticed by people who running international tourism business. Religions and Philosophies How these religion might affect tourists. Religions and Philosophies take part into a significant role in the human beings civilization and history. Every religion has its own characteristic and philosophy. Therefore, for tourists who going to make an overseas traveling, they may encounter situations which is different from or even disobey with their believing. Meanwhile, tourists who have their own religion will always be obedient. No matter which area they were or they will be. The religious philosophies and behaviors would never be changed. For example, in Islam, all the individuals behaviors have been controlled in their social, economic and political lives. They are not allowed to eat pork, animals blood and even have one month for Ramadan (FitzGerald, 1998, p.4) which demands all the Muslims be fast during the daytime. The Muslim women who wear hijab might not suit to go to the beach while they are travelling. Some potential dangers would be existed participate some recreation activities as well. How a tourism host has to cater for religious differences As FitzGerald (1998) has indicated that to understand the different religions and their philosophies would improved the communication in global tourism industry for both tourists and host. What is more, to show respect to each religion and offer special tread for them are very important for hosts. As it mentioned before, Muslins have to worship five times every week. As a result, hosts need to make sure they know where the mosque is or even provide a quiet corner for them to complete the mission. Buddhism, which is a pan-Asian religion and philosophy (FitzGerald, 1998, p. 11) has affected in the field of spirit, social life and national culture in the eastern world over a long period of time. Buddhists are promising not to kill or harm any living things. Undertaking family and sex loyalty and refraining from get something which doesnt belong to them. Conclusion: In conclusion, it is clear that cross-cultural communication and understanding not only affect to international tourists, but are also important to the hosts who running the global tourism business in the field of language, customs, food and regions. Essentially, tourists who travel in the intercultural environment can be affected by the differences between other cultures and their own. Meanwhile, the different languages give rise to some misunderstanding or even non-communication. Therefore, the hosts must be aware of these cultural differences such as different languages, different non-verbal communication and different religions they have. Above all, in order to eliminate the communication problems and maintain an atmosphere of peace and enjoyment in international tourism circumstances. It is necessary for hosts to take these into consideration in this industry by supply interpreters, foreigner information translation. People who work in this industry must know very well about the characteristics of different customs and religions, which can help to avoid cultural conflicts. In addition to that, tourism business owners have to provide ideal service which can give international tourists a unique local cultural experience. Meanwhile, customers cultures and customs should be respected. The cross-cultural understanding in global industry may never be completely taken into consideration by hosts, however, further studies to identify potential problems and solutions, as well as an improvement in cross cultural communication for global tourism industry, should result in a better understanding and more enjoyable experiences for both hosts and tourists.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Who Am I? :: essays research papers

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Sunday, November 10, 2019

Properties of Language, According to Linguistics Essay

Language, we use it everyday, but what exactly defines â€Å"language? † Are there generalizations to be made of all languages? Does everyone learn language same way? What are the rules of language? â€Å"What is Language? † by Neil Smith and Deirdre Wilson answers these questions and more by highlighting the three major theories of modern linguistics. The first modern linguistic theory claims that language is govern by grammar and that grammar is a set of rules with two functions: identifying possible sentences in a given language and dictate the pronunciation & meaning of a sentence in a given language. The first function provides fluent speakers the ability to understand every conceivable sentence in their language even if they never heard it before sentences. This creative quality to produce infinitely many sentences is unique to language. The second function provides fluent speakers of different dialects to communicate with each other using the grammar rules of their shared language. The two functions of the first modern linguistic theory provides effective communication between two parties and acknowledgment of it is vital in first understanding language. In part with the first modern linguistic theory’s definition of grammar is that each person’s linguistic grammar is entirely unique to him or herself, because everyone learns grammar differently due different external factors. Everyone absorbs different linguistic speech patterns from their external environment during infancy and adds it to his or her own unique grammar customs, habits or conventions. These differences are even more prominent in patients of aphasia, a language disability that breaks up certain parts of their grammar creating difficult to understand or entirely incoherent sentences. People with aphasia create their own linguistic systems, sometimes being completely incompatible with the common linguistic systems of their receivers, causing misunderstandings. Generally, the only two instances of completely unique linguistic systems are when infants first learn language and patients with aphasia. The study of these two instances are vital in understanding the degree of uniqueness a linguistic grammar systems. The second modern linguistic theory claims that grammar is psychologically real and unconsciously known. However, the idea that grammar is unconscious knowledge is a controversial one. The opposition argues that sentence understanding is formed from using analogous sentences the listener has already heard and understood. It is not unconscious knowledge, they claim, but conscious identification of previously understood sentences. However, that does not explain the creativity of forming entirely new sentences or understanding the meaning of a never heard before sentence. For example, Noam Chomsky’s famous line, â€Å"Colorless green ideas sleep furiously† understandably sounds English and follows the grammatical rules of English, but makes no semantic sense. The opposition’s claim should be understood as â€Å"previously experienced analogous rules are used to understand language. † This would be classified under grammar rules. This explains how students first learn a language by identifying patterns through multiple experiences with the same kind of sentences. L inguists, however, research existing patterns from recognizing sentence patterns that are psychologically valid, i. e. significant generalizations and sentence patterns that arose by accident or by coincidence, i.  e. accidental generalizations. Significant generalizations are formed from existing rules, such as using â€Å"mister† for a man and â€Å"miss† for a woman. Accidental generalizations are any rules that are not the currently valid linguistic rules and are formed from chance events from using rules during early development of the language or change from outside influences. A child might make an accidental generalization of â€Å"mister† and call a woman â€Å"mister,† which would be very inappropriate and incorrect. Through intensive research, linguists are able to identify which generalizations are accidental or incorrect and create generalizations that are correct. The third modern linguistic theory by Noam Chomsky claims that people learn certain language forms instinctively. Chomsky discovered this parallel from the fact that all languages are very similar to each other. A few universalities shared by all languages discovered by linguistics are that all languages have vowels, consonants, nouns, verbs, affirmative sentences, negative sentences and interrogative sentences. A study done by Russell Tomlin in 1986, London, is that 45% of all languages share the â€Å"subject-verb-object† sentence structure and 42% share the â€Å"subject-verb-object† sentence structure. Very few languages, for whatever reason, have the verb or object first, which would indicate that the formation of language favors the subject first and that most languages are predisposed to having a subject first in a sentence. Language, whether we completely comprehend its inner workings or not, is constantly a prevailing aspect of our daily lives. We use language unconsciously, and yet because of this aspect, it is very difficult to fully classify rules of language. Thankfully, we can analyze various instances of unique grammar formation to further clarify our generalizations of languages and through these generalizations, find universalities of all languages. What is language, you ask? Language is a beautiful study of unique linguistics systems, interplaying with each other to create powerful communication.

Friday, November 8, 2019

The African Berbers

The African Berbers The Berbers, or Berber, has a number of meanings, including a language, a culture, a location, and a group of people: most prominently it is the collective term used for dozens of tribes of pastoralists, indigenous people who herd sheep and goats and live in northwest Africa today.  Despite this simple description, Berber ancient history is truly complex. Who Are the Berbers? In general, modern scholars believe that the Berber people are descendants of the original colonizers of North Africa. The Berber way of life was established at least 10,000 years ago as Neolithic Caspians. Continuities in material culture suggest that the people living along the coasts of the Maghreb 10,000 years ago simply added domestic sheep and goats in when they became available, so the odds are theyve been living in northwest Africa for much longer. Modern Berber social structure is tribal, with male leaders over groups practicing sedentary agriculture. They are also fiercely successful traders  and were the first to open the commercial routes between Western Africa and sub-Saharan Africa, at locations such as Essouk-Tadmakka in Mali. The ancient history of the Berbers is by no means as tidy. Ancient History of Berbers The earliest historical references to people known as Berbers are from Greek and Roman sources. The unnamed first century AD sailor/adventurer who wrote the Periplus of the Erythrian Sea describes a region called Barbaria, located south of the city of Berekike on the Red Sea coast of east Africa. The first century AD Roman geographer Ptolemy (90-168 AD) also knew of the Barbarians, located on the Barbarian bay, which led to the city of Rhapta, their main city. Arabic sources for the Berber include the sixth-century poet Imru al-Qays who mentions horse-riding Barbars in one of his poems, and Adi bin Zayd (d. 587) who mentions the Berber in the same line with the eastern African state of Axum (al-Yasum). The 9th-century Arabic historian Ibn Abd al-Hakam (d. 871) mentions a Barbar market in al-Fustat. Berbers in Northwest Africa Today, of course, Berbers are associated with people indigenous to northwest Africa, not east Africa. One possible situation is that the northwestern Berbers were not the eastern Barbars at all, but instead were the people the Romans called Moors (Mauri or Maurus). Some historians call any group living in northwest Africa Berbers, to refer to the people who were conquered by Arabs, Byzantines, Vandals, Romans, and Phoenicians, in reverse chronological order. Rouighi (2011) has an interesting idea that the Arabs created the term Berber, borrowing it from the east African Barbars during the Arab Conquest, their expansion of the Islamic empire into North Africa and the Iberian peninsula. The imperialist Umayyad caliphate, says Rouighi, used the term Berber to group the people living nomadic pastoralist lifestyle in northwestern Africa, about the time they conscripted them into their colonizing army. The Arab Conquests Shortly after the establishment of the Islamic settlements at Mecca and Medina in the 7th century AD, the Muslims began expanding their empire. Damascus was captured from the Byzantine Empire in 635 and by, 651, Muslims controlled all of Persia. Alexandria in Egypt was captured in 641. The Arab conquest of North Africa began between 642-645  when general Amr ibn el-Aasi based in Egypt led his armies westward. The army quickly took Barqa, Tripoli, and Sabratha, establishing a military outpost for further successes in the Maghreb of coastal northwestern Africa. The first northwestern African capital was at al-Qayrawan. By the 8th century, the Arabs had kicked the Byzantines completely out of Ifriqiya (Tunisia) and more or less controlled the region. The Umayyad Arabs reached the shores of the Atlantic in the first decade of the 8th century and then captured Tangier. The Umayyads made Maghrib a single province including all of northwestern Africa. In 711, the Umayyad governor of Tangier, Musa Ibn Nusayr, crossed the Mediterranean Sea into Iberia with an army made up mostly of ethnic Berber people. Arabic raids pushed far into the northern regions and created the Arabic Al-Andalus (Andalusian Spain). The Great Berber Revolt By the 730s, the northwestern African army in Iberia challenged Umayyad rules, leading to the Great Berber Revolt of 740 AD against the governors of Cordoba. A Syrian general named Balj ib Bishr al-Qushayri ruled Andalusia in 742, and after the Umayyads fell to the Abbasid caliphate, the massive orientalization of the region began in 822 with the ascent of Abd ar-Rahman II to the role of Emir of Cordoba. Enclaves of Berber tribes from Northwest Africa in Iberia today include the Sanhaja tribe in the rural parts of the Algarve (southern Portugal), and the Masmuda tribe in the Tagus and Sado river estuaries with their capital at Santarem. If Rouighi is correct, then the history of the Arab Conquest includes the creation of a Berber ethnos from the allied but not previously related groups of northwestern Africa. Nonetheless, that cultural ethnicity is a reality today. Ksar: Berber Collective Residences House types used by modern Berbers include everything from movable tents to cliff and cave dwellings, but a truly distinctive form of building found in sub-Saharan Africa and attributed to Berbers is the ksar (plural ksour). Ksour are elegant, fortified villages made completely with mud brick. Ksour have high walls, orthogonal streets, a single gate and a profusion of towers. The communities are built next to oases, but to preserve as much tillable farmland as possible they soar upward. The surrounding walls are 6-15 meters (20-50 feet) high and buttressed along the length and at the corners by even taller towers of a distinctive tapering form. The narrow streets are canyon-like; the mosque, bathhouse, and a small public plaza are situated close to the single gate which often faces east. Inside the ksar there is very little ground-level space, but the structures still permit high densities in the high rise stories. They provide a defensible perimeter, and a cooler micro-climate produced by low surface to volume ratios. The individual roof terraces provide space, light, and a panoramic view of the neighborhood via a patchwork of raised platforms 9 m (30 ft) or more above the surrounding terrain. Sources Curtis WJR. 1983. Type and Variation: Berber Collective Dwellings of the Northwestern Sahara. Muqarnas 1:181-209.Detry C, Bicho N, Fernandes H, and Fernandes C. 2011. The Emirate of Cà ³rdoba (756–929 AD) and the introduction of the Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) in Iberia: the remains from Muge, Portugal. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(12):3518-3523.Frigi S, Cherni L, Fadhlaoui-Zid K, and Benammar-Elgaaied A. 2010. Ancient Local Evolution of African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian Berber Populations. Human Biology 82(4):367-384.Goodchild RG. 1967. Byzantines, Berbers and Arabs in 7th-century Libya. Antiquity 41(162):115-124.Hilton-Simpson MW. 1927. Algerian Hill-forts of today. Antiquity 1(4):389-401.Keita SOY. 2010. Biocultural Emergence of the Amazigh (Berbers) in Africa: Comment on Frigi et al (2010). Human Biology 82(4):385-393.Nixon S, Murray M, and Fuller D. 2011. Plant use at an early Islamic merchant town in the West African Sahel: the archaeobotany of E ssouk-Tadmakka (Mali). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 20(3):223-239. Rouighi R. 2011. The Berbers of the Arabs. Studia Islamica 106(1):49-76.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Fitting in with the people of society can seem to Essays - Fiction

Fitting in with the people of society can seem to Essays - Fiction Fitting in with the people of society can seem to be the biggest challenge in life. In William Carlos Williams's works "The Dark Day" and "The Late Singer" the ideas of loneliness and not fitting in with society are both explored. Though the topics of the poems vary slightly, the reader can still grasp the ideas of how the speaker in each poem feels isolated from society and detached from those around him. Williams uses the devices of vivid imagery, syntax, repetition and specific diction throughout both poems in order to show the reader how the speaker in each poem feels towards society. In "The Dark Day", Williams uses various techniques in order to show how the speaker feels isolated and detached from society. Williams utilizes vivid imagery in order to show the reader how the speaker feels in regards to the people surrounding him. Williams describes the people walking by as "drawn in upon themselves" (Williams l. 7) and "hurry from one place to another" (Williams l. 8). By describing the way the people are passing by him and not paying attention to him, Williams is furthering the feeling of isolation and detachment of the speaker in the poem. It's as if the speaker is just sitting and watching life pass by without being able to do anything about it. Williams also uses a lot of repetition throughout the poem in order to show how stuck the speaker is in time and again the isolation he is feeling. Williams uses repetition when describing the people talking around the speaker and the never-ending feeling the talking gives him. Even though all this talking is o ccurring around him, the speaker still feels isolated from everyone and can't move forward. Williams also uses repetition at the very end of the poem when he says "backward, backward, backward" (Williams l.12). By using the repetition in this line, Williams is again showing how the speaker feels stuck in time and detached from those around him. Without the repetition, the reader wouldn't understand how the speaker feels stuck and unmoving, while those around him continue on with their lives. Williams also utilizes the device of syntax and varies the length of sentences throughout the poem in order to emphasize the feeling of isolation from society and how cut off they are from others. Williams uses much shorter sentences halfway through the poem when he says "Warm. Distance cut off. Seclusion" (Williams l.6). By altering the length of the sentences so drastically, the reader gets a better idea of how truly alone the speaker feels. Just like the sentences seem cut off and short, the speaker also feels cut off and distanced from society. Williams also utilizes specific diction in order to further develop the speaker's isolation and detachedness from society. Williams uses words like "seclusion", "interminable" and "no escape", in order to show how the speaker feels like there is no way to get away from the isolation he is experiencing. Without these specific word choices, the reader may not grasp how hopeless the speaker feels and the feelings of isolation and detachedness are never-ending. Lastly, Williams uses a tone of loneliness and hopelessness in order to drive home the isolation the speaker is feeling. The word choices Williams uses such as "secluded" and "no escape" help to exemplify the tone he is trying to utilize and further show the reader how the speaker feels. In "The Late Singer", Williams uses similar devices that were utilized in "The Dark Day" in order to show the reader that the speaker feels as though he doesn't fit in with the rest of society. By not fitting in, the speaker feels similar to how the speaker in "The Dark Day" felt, because both feel isolated from society just for different reasons. Williams also shows the reader that the speaker feels pressured by society to grow up faster and again this makes him feel as though he doesn't fit in with everyone else. Williams utilizes vivid imagery, just as he did in "The Dark Day", by describing scenes of nature in vivid detail. Williams describes seen such as "The old maples are opening their branches of brown and yellow moth-flowers"

Sunday, November 3, 2019

General Characteristics of the Public Housing in the U.S. Market Term Paper

General Characteristics of the Public Housing in the U.S. Market - Term Paper Example In the United States and Canada [9], public housing is usually a ‘block of purpose-built housing operated by a government agency, often simply referred to as "projects"’ The history of the specific sector is formulated under the influence of a series of events and governmental decisions that seek to intervene in the private initiatives regarding the formulation and the operation of housing associations designed especially for the needs of the public. In this context [9] ‘in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, government involvement in housing for the poor was chiefly in the area of requiring new buildings to meet certain standards - like having airshafts - for decent livability; most housing communities were developed from the 1930s onward and initial public housing was largely slum regeneration, with no nationwide expansion of public housing; public housing was only built with the blessing of the local government, and projects were almost never built on suburban greenfields, but through regeneration of older neighborhoods; the destruction of tenements and eviction of their low-income residents consistently created problems in nearby neighborhoods with "soft" real estate markets’. As for the modern era [9], many of the above-described projects have been ‘torn down, renovated or replaced after criticism that the concentration of poverty in economically depressed areas, inadequate management of the buildings, and government indifference have contributed to the increased crime. U.S. public housing continues to have a reputation for violence, drug use, and prostitution, leading to the passage, in 1996, of a federal "one strike you're out" law, calling for the eviction of tenants convicted of crimes, especially drug-related; in reaction to the problems surrounding public housing, the US Congress passed legislation enacting the Section 8 Housing Program in 1974, which Richard Nixon signed into law, to encourage the private sector to construct affordable homes; this kind of housing assistance assists poor tenants by giving a monthly subsidy to their landlords’.

Friday, November 1, 2019

The Seeds of the Arab-Israeli Conflict Assignment

The Seeds of the Arab-Israeli Conflict - Assignment Example As a result of this only accelerates civil war and violence to civilians intending to intimidate them. Palestinians have used a various form of terrorism like suicide bombs to obtain further Israel concessions (Bickerton 7). Fight for land ownership where by Israel fought a six-day battle to capture land from Jordan (West Bank) and in Egypt (Gaza), Palestinians contended that this is their territory. As a result, Palestine evacuated Jews from their country as a revenge triggering war between these nations (Matthews 56). Citing from a biblical perspective, holy places in Palestine and Israel representing who drinks to the Abrahamic faiths of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam constitutes a significant commonality between these two regions. They can’t withstand who links the Abrahamic faith triggering devastating religious conflicts between Jews, Christians, and Islam which is still evident today (Peters & Newman 17). In conclusion, this enmity and violence have continued for more than a half century and it has been responsible for the unfertile grounds that have undermined economic growth not only in the two countries but in the entire region. However, the international community has tried to mediate between the two countries and still it has yielded no fruits. For instance, signing of the Oslo Accords which did not end the conflicts. Thus, a practical solution to end the conflicts needs to identify as soon as possible to prevent more bloodshed, which is claiming innocent lives.