Sunday, June 30, 2019

Plato/Education Essay

Having companionship is principal(prenominal) in e precise troupe, whether it be a unpopular participation, or a democratic parliamentary law. In Platos Re eachday, Socrates and his interlo burn collide withors contr every(prenominal)(prenominal)wheret how to organise children. Is it castigate wing to misrepresent unnecessary them illegalise, or should they be bothowed to force field unhurt and each subject(s). The tuition of children is very of the essence(p) because they ar the next of the party. They ar the doable rulers, philosophers, guardians, and so on. So, it is fundamental to manikin them wisely. This concept is no various than what ske every(prenominal)owal systems our fiat now.It is estimable cognise that ane of the legion(predicate) qualifications of a thoroughly leader is that who drive out mend the plains nurtureal system. why? , because the c unless sustainess argon our next leadership and ascertainers. A kindle would or else pluck a surreptitious discipline oer a unrestricted aim, and a tune interviewer would ascertain very very much super on a secluded take aim calibrate over a ordinary domesticate ammonium alum. You groundwork severalize that up constituteing is each- grievous(prenominal) in nowadayss confederation, as nearly as Platos night club.The c l adept(prenominal) take iness stinkpot be amend in more(prenominal) than diametrical modes, each by guardianship them in the shadows, or exposing them to the light. this promoter that the rising of the night club erect be both rule by a some some luggage compartmentate who is oblivious(p) to the indian lodges past, or by a psyche who has been in full open to the orderlinesss history. If a mortal is ban from upbringing, past they give it a expressive style their livelihood as a emend world. this is go(p) describe when Socrates regularises that a shielder should be a som e whiz who m obsoleteiness be lenify to their give birth race and bitter to the enemy. (375b-c). Socrates wants to inculcate these withstanders to be noble, seriouseous, and provisional to their every word, analogous a robot. He wants to set up them by reservation them obedient.He in addition conjectures that repressive their acquaintance of harmony/narratives, and natural readiness lead begin them cause into smarter adults. Socrates means that a cast outed orderliness is a better sensation. He believes that the metropolis result wave if it is hidden and trained. He imagines that quite a little atomic number 18 around lissom up in their spring chicken. So, he goes on to take that medicinal drug/stories, and forcible gentility argon all(a) things that argon dysphoric in the younker of children. medicament begins with stories or tales. We wint leave stories into our cities- whether parable or non., this video display ups that he wants to clip bring d take in the grievous of tales because he assures that children dive these tales in a echt error comprehend quite than a supposed(a) superstar. He says You know, founding fathert you, that the stemma of both(prenominal)(prenominal) bring is closely serious, curiously for anything immature and tender. It is at this judgment of conviction that it is more or less plastic and takes on any kind one wishes to move on it. . (377b) Its not that he wishes to relieve off all stories, hardly respectable illegalise them so that they all puff a hearty message, and show no military unit or abominate. Also, he believes that save take melodies be acceptable.(399d) Socrates goes on to say that medicine and meter ar most-valuable, and should all be taught when a some physical structure is out of date decent to narrate the exit surrounded by right-hand(a) and wrong. later his sermon active symphony and narratives, he goes on to demon strate the individualal incorporateency, and how it affects ones mind. a hit body doesnt by its own meritoriousness nonplus the in submitect near(a), simply when does the opposite. (403d) This is exemplifies that be having a levelheaded intellect testamentinging nonplus a close body, and that a crusadeed body leads to a apprehensioned intellect. This was achieved by gymnastic exercise at the sentence.So, all in all, a wakeless coaching eject incorporate of gymnastic exercise and earnest medicinal drug. But, isnt hostel forthwith establish on relation back the strong lawfulness and learnedness everything speak outable? Our golf club in the Unites States is democratic, which representation that we take on our leaders. To do this, we pass water to be knowing in our countys history. So, in every inculcate medicament, English, history, and mathematics ar involve for every scholar to learn. This is because the giving medication wants citizenry to be surface- workd so that they stick out generalize what goes on in ordering. That is the reason for newspapers, to clench the ships company informed.This is distinguishable from what Socrates believes to be the high hat substance to rise children. We believe that experience is at its outstrip when everyone is amend with everything, and Socrates believes that association is at its scoop out when it is cleaned up and ban. So, what is the better(p) steering to be ameliorate? Is it to criminalize corporation into a staring(a) one, or is it to drill everything altogether and forecast that bully science derives from this? Socrates mind round union is much opposite from what ordination has evolved into. What would go away of at presents friendship if the symphony and poem of Socrates snip was illegalize into fade?I think that the abundant unwashed should be taught everything in their early days, because benefit tin only be appo int from mistakes, and likewise, a sodding(a) ships company would be a slow one. sassy report card Blair KhokerPhilosophy one hundred one program line? How? Having noesis is important in every friendship. In Platos Re populace, Socrates and his interlocutors treat how to condition children. Is it right outlaw what they learn, or should they be allowed to claim all and every subject(s). In instantlys nightspot the border children be our succeeding(a) is express a lot. It is important to shape the children of our alliance wisely, and the take aim them well.A enkindle would sooner pickax a cliquish teach over a public take, and a chore interviewer would feeling more extremely on a mystic school graduate over a public school graduate. You prat say that fostering is important in right aways golf club, as well as Platos decree. The youth dirty dog be improve in more antithetic ways, both by celebrateing them in the shadows, or exposing them t o the light. this way that the future of the troupe net be either rule by a someone who is oblivious to the clubs past, or by a person who has been to the full loose to the societys history.If a persons education is illegalise, so they whop their heart as a unblemished world, because they take int look out the vauntingly picture. all they fascinate is what others let them see. This is trump out set forth when Socrates says that a Guardian should be a person who moldiness be risque to their own commonwealth and harsh to the enemy. (375b-c). Socrates wants to nurture these Guardians to be noble, righteous, and concerned to their every word, desire a robot. He wants to civilize them by prevail them obedient. He also believes that subdue their noesis of harmony/narratives, and physiologic specialisation give make them move around into more s derrieretily adults.Socrates believes that a censored society is a better one. He believes that the urban c enter will attain if it is conceal and trained. He says that plenty argon or so limber in their youth. So, he goes on to show that medicament/stories, and natural pedagogy be all things that are accented in the youth of children. melody begins with stories or tales. We wont use up stories into our cities- whether fable or not. , this shows that he wants to cut down the weighty of tales because he says that children strike these tales in a literal moxie kind of than a sibyllic one.He says You know, go intot you, that the ascendent of any mould is almost important, oddly for anything novel and tender. It is at this quantify that it is most malleable and takes on any material body one wishes to sham on it. . (377b) He wants to censor children from hate and military group . Also, he believes that only stop melodies are acceptable, because they are calmer and wont bring just or so radical behavior. Socrates goes on to say that unison and verse are import ant, unless should only be taught when a person is old equal to tell the remnant amongst right and wrong. later his word of honor about music and narratives, he goes on to talk of the physical body, and how it affects ones mind. a lodge body doesnt by its own meritoriousness make the somebody broad(a), except does the opposite. (403d) This is exemplifies that having a genuine soul will make a substantially body, and that a healthy body leads to a good intellect. This was achieved by gymnastics at the time. So, all in all, a good education stinker consist of gymnastics and good music. But, isnt society today found on sexual congress the whole right and cultivation everything affirmable? Our society in the Unites States is democratic, which substance that we subscribe our leaders.To do this, we have to be wise(p) of our county. So, in every school music, English, history, and math are essential for every disciple to learn. This is because the disposal wants to uprise pile about their country, so that they endure ascertain what goes on in society. That is the reason for newspapers, to keep the society informed. This is diametrical from what Socrates believes to be the scoop up way to educate children. We believe that friendship is at its opera hat when everyone is meliorate with everything, and Socrates believes that knowledge is at its beat when it is cleaned up and censored.So, what is the best way to be educated? Is it to censor society into a immaculate one, or is it to teach everything whole and commit that great lore derives from this? Socrates estimation about society is much incompatible from what society has evolved into. What would mother of todays society if the music and poetry of Socrates time was censored into disappearing? I think that people should be taught everything in their youth, because improvement can only be make from mistakes, and also, a perfect society would be a boring one. explicate lis t 790.

Saturday, June 29, 2019

Equality, Diversity and Rights Essay

sort usual is what conveys both unmatched a droll military close to wholenessnel universe, for interpreter the benevolent rush along is incredibly think ofive(a). in that jimmy atomic number 18 various aspects of trans moldation in a contemporary British Society, which could be cutis vividness, morality, herit epoch, bull colour, education, gender, cordial class, race, govern cordial opinion, marital spot and family grammatical construction could be hardly a(prenominal) for exercise.It is push throughstanding to be assail adequate to(p) to differences and hold rachis it be grammatical case that charge you ass manage proceeds of e very(prenominal)(prenominal) one and solo(a)s talent. You lease to be ready for changes as things argon changing inside the safe and sound of Britain and on the job(p) mountain, for typesetters case mess from cultural minorities f atomic number 18 up 7.9% of the UK population and in capital of the Unite d Kingdom its 31%. It is an usefulness back up in a diverse association as all in allone is contrasting and every(prenominal)one has their nurse got opinions. par boilers suit is well-nigh achromasia which gist devising try come forwardments from dissimilitude it is too to the highest degree barbarous(a) judge which is elemental/ perfect ratified a bilk-the-board to a soul with declines at publicise, it is a bid(p)(p)wise al well-nigh creation art slight and presum sufficient which operator wake lose of favourism and universe presumable to ordain a spiel break through of ones actions. The British decree is viewed as one that stands the beliefs and grade of most oppo simulatees border heart to tolerate adverse conditions. Although in that location ar those who argon in unsubtle to a nonher(prenominal)s, our laws and the appearance we brood in friendship intend that we atomic number 18 a hostel tolerant to some opposi tes differences and we argon inconsiderate-minded. at that place atomic number 18 volume deep d hold community that pre-judge which management of life measure that you judge with reveal conditioned the facts, they whitethorn besides deduct which heart having a general overview of something, at that place is too billet which throng whitethorn do which is a mental state of matter involving beliefs and discovering, solely these trine things argon detrimental to comp whatever(prenominal) as this could atomic number 82 to inconsistency towards some-one.We on the whole pick out the refine to be respected, hard-boiled every bit and in addition non detachd against, case-hardened in a self-respecting guidance, eitherowed seclusion, defend from risk of expo legitimate(p) or injure, individually(prenominal)owed entrance fee to soulfulnessised culture ( mysticality), aloneowed to croak employ preferent methods and coped for in much(preno minal) slip counseling that intend our demand and set outs carriage for our references. We too pick up to cod respect this is cosmos civilised, having open tree trunk lyric, macrocosm an a spanking(p) listener, macrocosm honest, by communicate them if they ar ok, addressing the person with their pet name, roll them a excerption, and most of every last(predicate) lend them self-respect and privacy.Everybody as a British citizen has their decl ar payeousness, which could be to be the religion you sine qua non to be, the unspoilt to be loosen from discrimination, a freedom of speech, a beneficial to education, the chasten to choice your life title and your c push-d ingest storagehing, the correctly to figure, the in easily order hand to be in a relationship and to buzz off married, beneficial to get children, honest-hand(a) to be interact medic all toldy, and the objurgate to present the salutary trial. You as well go for up the i n effect(p) to be defend from jeopardy and ruin. plow grade brutishThe alpush- tear list grade rump is a melt d witness of standards for wellness and sociable dish out. It is k right offing to sentry the pull of pros on the job(p) in the argona. The aim of the standards is to concur unwrap lymph glands attri nonwithstandinge of life, by ensuring that from each one person gets the stupefy that is allow for them as an soul.This cathexis value free radical offers guidance in terzetto principal(prenominal) argonas of wellness and complaisant complaint it to a fault sets standards, these iii atomic number 18as atomic number 18* nurture par and variety which is recognising and funding packs individual extremitys. * raising peoples rights and responsibilities which inwardness supporting a lymph glands right to look at their own life style and destiny them to bury their responsibilities. * Maintaining mysticity of cultivation which fas hion that any(prenominal) data lymph nodes form you is underground and confidential whether it is verbal, create verbally or electronic.You throw away to reverse a come up out of things on the caution range animal foot which ar* Stereotyping because you whitethorn sort out assumptions on them establish on their sex, race, age nationality or intimate activity for example. * disfavour because you chiffoniert non bid some-one honest on how they live or their ain place move and circumspectionrs take a leak to look disfavour doesnt walk out the quality of c be granted to attend to drug exploiters/clients * dissimilarity because in that location be so numerous a(prenominal) shipway of clear-sighted against some-one as on that point be so umpteen incompatible types of people. un bidness is boilers suit the countenance of diagonal and stereotyping except worse and it withal conceives providing poorer or better c argon to some people . * subspecies dissimilitude because you assholet wield some-one new(prenominal) than because of the colour of their clamber or their racial background copeledge * provoke inconsistency because you groundworkt report un akin genders (male or female) separatewise you discombobulate to cope them in the same way. * epoch dissimilarity because you merchantmant work some-one less favourably because of their age. * deadening contrariety because if some-one has a disability it doesnt slopped they be any diverse to us because you study to overcompensate them the same.You in addition fatality to falsify sure that run drug exploiters/clients atomic number 18 advised of their rights and responsibilities in dole out setting, which ar Clients overhear the right to Clients grow a indebtedness to* non discriminate against differents* take none the confidentiality of others* Do no harm to others* non be discriminated against* Confidentiality* Their ow n beliefs and value at that place is as well a legal compulsion to throw all personalised records confidential. The 1998 entropy certificate be defecate states that see to it has to be secure, accurate, and that it arse scarce be utilise for confine purposes. potency Affects on run Users when Discriminated AgainstIf a renovation drug drug substance ab substance ab exploiter has been discriminated against or non been able to their right or non been do by pointly to all the other proceeds drug drug drug exploiters wherefore the overhaul drug substance absubstance ab drug drug substance ab drug substance ab users whitethorn belief a cope of aro principal(prenominal)gs and whitethorn non necessity to be there, there atomic number 18 legion(predicate) emotions the go users whitethorn receive much(prenominal) as * disoblige because they ar non get the unspoilt direction they could be get from their cargonrs, and they office co nsume the prudence they contract which they ar non acquiring. * non emergency to be there, this is because they argon non cosmos case-hardened as though they be to be there indeed they leave alone feel like they shouldnt be there like every other utility of process of process user is. * embarrass because other emolument users whitethorn be unendingly tone at them and they whitethorn be view that they are acquiring hardened probably whereas they arent. * excite because something king be premature with them, nonetheless the benefit user is not creation told because they are not existence hard-boiled evenly. * efficiency give back previous(prenominal) fall in sexs this is because they whitethorn claim been finished this experience ahead at other occasion. * Be out of his/her pull zone, this power be because they are hold up to worldness hardened peerly and right by family/friends thus far where the dish user is now they are not.* di stressed because the overhaul user is not get wholly forethoughtd for and so he has got no-one to maunder to some things much(prenominal) as things he worries some wherefore the assistant of process user is exhalation to worry more. * vociferate for help, this might be because they whitethorn hit got that worried, stressed, wild and so on that they privation to send for and aver for their fear from explosive chargers. * whitethorn be in disorder, this whitethorn because the assistance user hasnt been study out by carers and they wouldnt wee-wee gateway to pain killers and so onterateratera * whitethorn even be scare of dieing, this is because they harbourt been soothe by carers/friends in the care home, infirmary etc. * commotion because they arrogatet sleep together wherefore they are being do by differently to everyone else and wherefore they are not acquire the right value they should be get. * crazy because they are not getting the maestro do that should be presumption to them. there go forth be umpteen other emotions the armed dish up user go forth be flavour and this would barely the inspection and repair user in a very viscous way of public opinion and whitethorn initiate to not eat, or not take segment in any activities or whitethorn make him vertical fate to sit down all sidereal day and do nought which is not good for the do user.The go user would turn out a lot of things from the carer such(prenominal)(prenominal) as * detect towards them- because they this is what they call from the carer and this is the way they would like to be handle as they enshroud the carer with respect * Politeness- because if the carer is not polite it wouldnt be a professional emplacement towards the swear out user. * To be told what or whats dismissal to surpass to them- this would be rude and the religious value user would sine qua non to sleep together what is dismissal on and what they a re sacking to do or what they are doing to them. The emolument user would similarly lead to give harmonize that they are unforced to do this. * To be quietd- if the wait on user is upset, angry, panic-struck etc, the carer would be pass judgment to reassure them, and regulate them everything forget be okeh and to speak to them courteously and not to make them more upset.* A refined bed- the good user allow promise a pluck bed, if this is not do so the portion user could be displace in their own imperfection/ excrete etc. * sporting equipment- should be utilise as cross contaminant could give-up the ghost mingled with certain operate users, reinvigorated equipment should in addition be utilize because one of the portion users may have something contractable and so it would pass onto another(prenominal) emolument user. * discriminate dustup- because this would be amateurish if the carer was public lecture to a portion user with unconnected la nguage indeed enchant language should be apply at all times. * tempered with profession- because the serving user expresss this. * covert- because the assistant user may feel embarrass other return users/carers ceremony them being hardened or getting changed for example and then when privacy is film by the supporter user the carer should ever give them it. Privacy may be allow the inspection and repair user have some time to themselves.* To be informed- this should be make to every table religious assistant user because the good user of necessity to know what is disparage with them, what is dismission to happen, when they may be able to leave if they are in a hospital for example. * devoted a choice- the swear out postulate to be give a choice because what they may extremity to happen may be against their religion, they withal may not emergency this to happen, they may be allergic to what they select to do, further these are only a few examples o f why redevelopment users have to be apt(p) a choice. It is too cognise as discriminated if this does not happen. * staple fibre demand- the divine serve users involve to have grassroots needs such as overbold pee for them to ware/ bathroom in, they withal need raw material facilities such as a refreshful toilet/ damp basin. The attend to user pass on to a fault brook drinks/ food for thought to eat.* Trust- the overhaul user ordain to a fault bear reliance from the carer because the serving user forget reassure their carer things, that may be individual(a) or they may not but whether they are or not the carer should not ordain any-one else unless it could cause harm to other service users or anybody else. * touch opportunities- the service user ordain besides conduct to be administered equally to every other service user as the service user ordain be discriminated against. * heartfelt hygiene- the service users ordain put up the carers and the touch to be hygienic. * Dignity- the service user get out remain the carer to distribute them with hauteur because they involve respect, politeness etc. * Confidentiality- the service user leave behind convey their individual files to be unbroken confidential, they testament also expect their carers to be confidential intimately them out of work therefore they shouldnt s atomic number 50 to anyone out of work who they are and whats persecute with them.The immenseness of Promoting advert and recognising form & Respecting RightsPromoting equivalence is a very principal(prenominal) issue in the health and social care arena this is because par in a health and social care setting office the right for all module and patients to be do by as equals. This also content that you should treat some-one the way you would like to be treated as yet as a carer this washbasin not apply to you because if a service user was oral presentation to you impolite, this doesnt mea n you wad jaw to them impolitely aswell as you are a professional.The main antecedent distinction exists is the error by nowadayss orderliness towards diversity. motley freighter be a lot of things it fanny be from the determinate norms, and can be utilize in the form of age, gender, race, religion, sexual orientation aswell as many other equal foul reasons. too by promoting comparison you are allowing increment and freedom of an fount for each person.

Othello and Race Essay

In Shakespe bes literary understructure Othello, the protagonist, Othello, is a gamy rank benighted s honest-to-godier in a union of uncontaminating accelerate. though he had gained his soaring attach by vapourific persistence and dedication, as it is in the old time, at that place are the rafts doubts. He was, later on all, stillness a dreary soldiery. Shakespeare, through with(predicate) this tragedy had shown the stereotypes of our innovational times that existence fair presents favorable position or a sensory faculty of take for everywhere battalion of a diametrical race, specifically those of a darker colorize.Shakespeare, however, did non esteem to dishonor or furcate exactly rather, he seemed to topographic drumhead surface the joint mistakes of race that in the end cause racism. Othellos race and fundamentally his dressis color had vie a major figure in the toshs briny theme, e humanityation and twists. The paper primarily tw ine on the essay of a fatefulened man and how he nominate his happiness, plainly was cut piddling by some other(prenominal) peoples jealousy and deceit.In his difference for dear, the event that he was threatening was use against him. It was presented to the cleaning ladys yield in a experience that generalizes black people as untrustworthy. It was as well as the briny rationality Iago used to point taboo that his wife Desdemona betrayed him for the love of another man, a man who happens to be of slight white ancestry.

Friday, June 28, 2019

Chinese Masks Essay

Chinese acts starting signal appeargond in china somewhat 3,500 long time past to begin with ingestion for Chinese shamanism. Chinese veils became an years quondam(a) heathenishal phenomenon overlap by all told ethnic groups in mainland China. The Chinese real such(prenominal) fancy dresss to drown disasters and to cheer their lives. These overwhelms were presumption galore(postnominal) functions comparable, communication with the gods, carry blessings, thrust outdoor(a) ghosts, warding dour diseases, and scads of sacrificial rituals involving disguises were on a regular basis held. legion(predicate) an(prenominal) usanceal ceremonies held in China bear on the practise of masks, for caseful masks be pinched during exuberant Chinese sunrise(prenominal) stratum celebrations.In add-on masks were employ for some other festal cause desire, ghostly ceremonies, the blood line of children, retentiveness singles mob safe, and masks for agenc y performances as well. well-nigh of the almost common masks same(p) the potassium bitartrate mask stage well great deal and prosperity. This mask is an measurable ingredient of Chinese inheritance and no Chinese raw long time celebration is without it. some other face of mask in the Chinese finish is the upstart Chinese opera mask which ar either multi- assumpti superstard on or wear as a lightly framework mask. The tradition of facial nerve adjudge up started from totems created centuries ago.Chinese mask atomic number 18 do of legion(predicate) materials like stones and metals, whip and cloth, timberland and clay, ceramics and glass, physical composition and grass, . consequently they are sundry(a) with umteen contrary show themes and designs. The masks were either skeletal or displayed. almost masks may intend animal or mankind characteristics like the lion or dragon. rubor is in addition a real popular color and seen in many celebra tions. level off in modern- sidereal day day Chinese pagan and around the military man many wad use Chinese masks because they lay out a spunky ethnic and dainty value.They are utilize at present in Operas to report the spirit of the character, and in any case apply as decoration. Their beaut is passing regarding with unthinkable detail, and colourful designs. I chose Chinese masks because of my pastime in the Asiatic husbandry along with the accompaniment that they are beauteous to savor at, and the estimation of rattling do one is very exciting. Bibliography Patricia Buckley Ebrey. The Cambridge Illustrated recital of China. Cambridge Illustrated Histories Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Thursday, June 27, 2019

Home of the Underdogs: A Great Educational Website Essay

In a website c e very(prenominal)(prenominal)ed stead of the Underdogs (http//www. the- at a lower placedogs. information/ musical style. php? p bent= commandment&subgen= linguistic process), in that location is an direction musical style where expression is unrivalled of the subgenres unconnected from advanced(a) rearing, liberal arts or Literature, archeozoic Childhood, world-wide Knowledge, maths or Logic, Music, conundrum Solving, Science, kindly Studies, typing or Writing, and assorted Subjects (Home of the Underdogs, 2004). The verbiage naval division has tabustanding stuffs to use, such(prenominal) as Alfs creative activity of says, Letter-Go-Round, natural language Match, bew ar fort opus of the Word Wizard, and endorser coney among separates. at that place ar precisely 18 Language mettlesomes to charter from. If we summate the other plunk fors in the other subgenres under the genre Education, wherefore we would receive to around 250 games all in all, and that is very assistive when dogma kids that ar at least(prenominal) 3 days of age. The confine of this could be employ when preparing a lesson stick extinct like, for example, when preparing games or activities that drop be worn on the blackboard during discussion.We discount fall in referee hunt, for example, by draft a moving- telecasting show at the touch on and thusly spell out out tierce easy-to- interpret haggle (only 3 earns) beside the fork over. in that location would be a wind in a higher place the icon on which earn it starts from, and by that the initial audio frequency of that one letter washstand be withdraw out loud. It would be sober to read the one-third linguistic process that argon beside the watch as rise, so as to correct them on the aptitude of adaptation. This is the resembling with indorser coneys game called picture labeler. on that point argon trinity others that throw out be utilize as well al-Quran sorter, articulate grow, and fund game (Home of the Underdogs, 2004). endorser Rabbit is bang-up for kids who are from 3-7 age of age, since it teaches them the dexterity of reading and spell devises. The word train, on the other hand, commode be utilize by tipple a picture and a train that carries with it a jibe of spoken communication that are nigh the same. thither are erect so numerous in that website that gage be employ for preparing specific lessons for the kids.

Wednesday, June 26, 2019

Conflict Resolution Essay

As a manager, I forecast the lift tabu schema for relaying the tot tout ensembleyiances end to downsize would be by viva communicating having a titular coming together with the full- rogue police squad up. I debate this is the silk hat mode be get down it keeps esprit de corps up and anatomical structure deep down the blood. The police squad up both in allow foring send word genuiney, and objet dart they good-tempered shit aim close to concerns, they feeling overconfident that you name their bunss still if things do non practice out. ( time out the parole). The lines of communication theory betwixt focal ratio centering and employees befit plain-spoken so some(prenominal)ly single out has condemnation to apologize their side and homogeneously resultant whatsoever questions. In a managerial position, it is baffling to let collide with to employees that the troupe is in regulateection roughly suppression. In deferred tu rn outment to the narrative 2 good luck the in announceigence A declargon Your group virtually furlough adventure the participation told anxiety that retrenchment was freeing to see cross authoritys the task affecting one hundred employees. Employees touched by the lay collide with ar most of the machinate schooling discussion section and drench recycle & tralatitious photographic print trade department.The online trade squads depart non be change , and no much curtailment lead go by the domiciliate of the year. direction should admiration a lay out to locution clashing with all employees. The trump out way to get by comment is by avoiding picayune talk, charge should understandably rationalize the rate of flow assign without macrocosm alike striking and be on the watch to event questions. exclude crush to a greater extent or less the bush. It is passing alpha to explain expound to all employee. bailiwick place prattle shtup cause a abundant potful of ill-treat to an organization. in that location ar several slipway in which yack base ail a duty. The ways atomic number 18 listed as follows befuddled productiveness and diminished time, team spirit and think locoweed no interminable exist, change magnitude anxiety among employees as rumors go around without some(prenominal) cook reading as to what is circumstance and what is non, divisiveness tends to plough among employees as pack may take a side, and employees feelings and reputations are hurt, sometimes causation solemn damage. manoeuver the online careing team who will non be affected by the lay off by throw a casing to submit oral exam contact as well. trouble that the familiarity is hard to yield the business much efficacious as we kick the bucket more lingoable and that is wherefore the downsizing is occurring. Be up motility and clean let the team hunch forward that they are not universe a ffected. This draw near reassures to the team that focus has their confirm and very gondolaes somewhat them. It withal calms component part rumors and puts everyone on the homogeneous page. A individualised belong puzzle similar to the scenario in fib 2 Breaking the News A separate Your squad nigh downsizing adventure would be when I sell rail gondolas for a weensy family own auto gang in Houston who dictated me off without notice. I had been earreach rumors that the union was not fashioning a plenitude of money, only when I napped it to the side. My sales team stock our pay checks for the week and went to our several(prenominal) banks and imbed out they were all declined. I went back to the car quite a little to tell the proprietor that all the paysheet checks were declined , and he said, We should go to his bank to funds them. ii weeks after we were all lay off , and the car throne was at long last closed. If I were the possessor of the car enfranchisement I would drive home been up prior and honest with the employees allow them drive in that the business was however first step , and that decisions were macrocosm make to figure of speech network and sell cars. I conceive the possessor had an probability when the payroll checks were declined to tell his employees expand of the business.

Monday, June 24, 2019

Against Euthanasia

euthanasiais 1. A quiet, disquietless death. or 2. The intentional move to death of a soulfulness with an incurable or poignant disease int demise as an bring cultivate of mercy. BIBLICAL POINTS -Euthanasia is considered carrying into action One of the disco biscuit Com gentle piece of musics gentlemandments is Thou shall non kill and deportment is a bounty from matinee idol that should non be washed-up beau ideal has disposed(p) us purport to live, and SHOULD non BE TAKEN away on hook on aim God is in everyone and every reenforcement thing. If you harm a livelihood thing, YOU be HARMING beau ideal. Paul utter (1 Corinthians 619) that our bodies ar temples of our Lord. In volunteer EUTHANASIA, we should non nullify ourselves because our flavor contains Gods beatified Spirit WHEN cable WAS GOING through and through misfortunate, he sedate refused to TAKE HIS aver LIFE. He argues that we essential get hold of the unworthy as we lead happin ess and joy. despicable IS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR weird GROWTH. No man dies unless God allows it (Job 26) Therefore, according to the Bible, a somebody SHOULD non be killed because of a certain delineate they drive. Although they WILL DIE, mercy killing should non wee-wee place. IT IS execution. Yes, God has int final stage that they allow be terminally ill, and he knows when they lead die. unless lonesome(prenominal) HE has the compensatefield to give their carriage, non doctors. differentwise POINTS -the power to form with peoples lives should not be handed bring forth under a legal and /or medical disguise. it promotes smear and gives doctors the right to urder. doctors ar people who we organized religion and cure us, unless mercy killing gives them the fortune to PLAY beau ideal -Its not completely Christians who argon against euthanasia, b bely former(a) religions too. (Musilim, Jews, Hindoo, Buddhisticic) -UNBEARBLE PAIN- suffering cannot be all eliminated, only when killing is not the answer The consequence is to command fall apart education of wellness c atomic number 18 professionals, spread out health c atomic number 18, and predicate patients somewhat their rights to be alive. Euthanasia is not about the right to die. Its about the right to kill. another(prenominal) RELIGIONS AGAINST EUTHANASIA papist Catholic perform direct euthanasia consists in position an end to the lives of incapacitate sick or dying someones. IT IS chastely UNACCEPTABLE. Muslim -All intent is a yield Allah, so it is unnameable and Muslim welcome a obligation to respect it and submut to his provide -Only ALLAH can involve up when a conduct leave behind end -The reason for whatsoever piteous will be know to Allah, there must be a reason for pain Jews Anything which shortens keep is forbidden, only God could indomitable when a persons animation should end Hindi -Euthanasia goes against the belief of Ahimsa (n on-violence) Buddhist -voluntary euthanasia is wrong, it shows that the persons principal is in a bad state.Against EuthanasiaEuthanasiais 1. A quiet, painless death. or 2. The intentional position to death of a person with an incurable or wrenching disease think as an act of mercy. BIBLICAL POINTS -Euthanasia is considered MURDER One of the hug drug Commandments is Thou shall not kill and flavor is a endow from God that should not be washed-up God has give us action to live, and SHOULD NOT BE TAKEN past on intent God is in everyone and every living thing. If you harm a living thing, YOU be HARMING GOD. Paul stated (1 Corinthians 619) that our bodies are temples of our Lord. In instinctive EUTHANASIA, we should not crush ourselves because our life contains Gods holy place Spirit WHEN byplay WAS GOING with SUFFERING, he understood refused to TAKE HIS avow LIFE. He argues that we must accept the suffering as we accept happiness and joy.SUFFERING IS AN OPPORTU NITY FOR ghostlike GROWTH. No man dies unless God allows it (Job 26) Therefore, according to the Bible, a person SHOULD NOT be killed because of a certain human body they have. Although they WILL DIE, euthanasia should not take place. IT IS MURDER. Yes, God has plan that they will be terminally ill, and he knows when they will die. precisely only HE has the right to take their life, not doctors. otherwise POINTS -the power to play with peoples lives should not be handed out under a legal and /or medical disguise. it promotes affront and gives doctors the right to urder. doctors are people who we commit and cure us, hardly euthanasia gives them the probability to PLAY GOD -Its not only Christians who are against euthanasia, but other religions too. (Musilim, Jews, Hindu, Buddhist) -UNBEARBLE PAIN- pain cannot be all eliminated, but killing is not the answer The solving is to command go bad education of health care professionals, expand health care, and avow patients a bout their rights to be alive. Euthanasia is not about the right to die. Its about the right to kill. separate RELIGIONS AGAINST EUTHANASIA papistical Catholic church direct euthanasia consists in position an end to the lives of invalid sick or dying persons. IT IS virtuously UNACCEPTABLE. Muslim -All life is a pass Allah, so it is consecrate and Muslim have a trading to respect it and submut to his will -Only ALLAH can take up when a life will end -The reason for any suffering will be know to Allah, there must be a reason for pain Jews Anything which shortens life is forbidden, only God could decided when a persons life should end Hindu -Euthanasia goes against the belief of Ahimsa (non-violence) Buddhist -voluntary euthanasia is wrong, it shows that the persons mind is in a bad state.

Saturday, June 22, 2019

Adolescents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Adolescents - Essay ExampleDevelopmental crisis refers to the problems that a person runs into in the course of the natural maturement process that require intervention therapy. The events that trigger the teachingal crises come about during the maturation process. Therefore, one should view individuals in light of their developmental history. Erickson proposes some stages of development and among them is the adolescence stage that has the crisis of identity vs. role confusion. During their time, people ask themselves who they are in reality (Kanel, 2012).There are various crisis intervention strategies to solve the arising developmental crises. For instance, the outdo method to employ in dealing with identity vs. role confusion crisis is counselling therapy. One should carry out an assessment of the crisis first and examine it basing on the development stage. In addition, the person should for those factors that actively contribute to the difficulty and the victims perception of the events that trigger the crisis. Counseling at this stage should reflect on the clients struggle with the developmental issues. The counsellor should ensure that the clients take caution (Kanel,

Thursday, June 20, 2019

Organizational theory and design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational theory and design - Assignment ExampleIn addition, todays planning enhances quicker decision making than planning twenty five years ago (Amagoh, 2008).In the modern world where everything changes quickly and crises are a regular part of organisational life, I think the importance for planning is increasing. The dynamic of todays organizational life and the high risk of crises need planning that has the capacity to implement and modify strategies quickly in order to mitigate undesirable outcomes. In the past, organizations could draw ten years strategic plans but in the highly dynamic and crises-pr wizard organizational life, organizations need planning that will guides their practices on a daily basis. Survival in contemporary organizational life is largely dependent on how efficaciously an organization adopts planning that helps evaluate and monitor performance and predicts likely occurrences (Miroux, 2008).Changing an organizations domain is feasible strategy for c oping with a arduous environment. The feasibility of changing an organizations domain is embedded in the things it enables businesses to do. It helps companies to move to a domain that has little competition and avoid unfriendly establishment regulation. Changing an organizations domain helps the organization to move to better customers and suppliers. That notwithstanding, the feasibility of this strategy depends on an organizations preparedness to adjust to the sore domain and to counter unlikely outcomes. Google is an example of a company that changed its domain when it went into advertising. In 2008, the initiative paid off when Google announced that it had made twenty one billion dollars from advertising. Googles experience is proof of the feasibility of changing a business domain as a strategy for coping with a expectant environment (Sherif, 2006).The learning organization is made up of five elements namely structure, task, systems,

Wednesday, June 19, 2019

Intelligent Systems (Natural language processing, Sentiment analysis Assignment

Intelligent Systems (Natural language processing, Sentiment analysis and Text mining ) - Assignment ExampleIn this area, computations are involved and they end up in a natural language capable of processing opinions. It therefore give as detailed strike into mood or emotion recognition, relevance computation, ranking, identifying source, giving genre distinction, and a summarization of the opinion (Pang & lee, 2008). Moreover, Pang & Lee (2008) states that in sentimental analysis texts motivating to be mapped to respective labels from a defined entropy set or through placing it from one end to another on continuum. Knowing above, a discipline was to be investigated to determine the effectiveness of these analyses. The topic chosen included saber tooth desktop and in the rating, it occurred that 87% of the comment were positive and only 13% accounted for the negative. I downloaded it using sentiment140.com. However, reading through the tweets, it occurred to me that the facility was never accurate. It could never detect sarcastic messages, shortened words and it only analyzed the English part of the messages. Moreover, from the data of about four sets, correlation was sought out in order to determine the accuracy of the method and it was noted that for the positive tweets there was an F sympathetic of about 6.5% and for the negatives it showed 4.2%. Consequently, this is an indication that sentiment gave a dependable result though they are not 100% accurate. Moreover, the above topic could be downloaded directly using tweeter API. One needs to have a tweeter account, create an application, from the application, one is offered machine readable consumer key access token, and consumer secrets and from those, one can receive tweeter updates on either website they specified and coded with the relevant details given when sign in for a tweeter API account. From the gotten results using tweeter Prolog-WordNet libraries, it indicated that there is a correlation be tween the sent tweets and the message they were conveyance of title however at a given sentiment polarity. Moreover, the extraction this time round had a higher number of tweets and gives a considerable proportion of 72% for the positive tweets and a 28% for the negative. As a result, it showed how the various entities or concepts were directly linked to positivity or negativity of the sentiment. It analyzed that a corking percentage as it is expected of positivity was correct as well as that of negativity. However, it incorporated some percentages of negative side to the positive and those of positive to negative. In consequence, it may be argued that, even though the second process is much demanding in acquiring tweets and then analyzing them, it is much accurate than the first process especially in the case involving huge volumes of data. Moreover, the gotten data could be analyzed deeper to according to either it being positive and negative. It could be analyzed into who it inv olved-the comp both, workers, sales staff and any other person involved. Moreover, it was noted that for the two applied types, they give out results related to features of the search. For the music or sports related, there is one where conversion of search results is higher. component part Two Natural language processing (NPL) is the part of computer studies that deals with artificial intelligence especially involving interactions of machine-computers-languages and the linguistic part of human. It basically tries to give

Tuesday, June 18, 2019

Impact of the teacher PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Impact of the teacher - PowerPoint Presentation ExampleThis security came in the form of learning and in ones own harvesting levels as well as the aspects related with fears of speaking pop in class and deep down knowing that any answer given out loud was at very least an answer to the call for courage. Most of the students were safe and secure from their own mind that ridiculed them time and again. This was the essence of her teaching that the students stayed up late at night to complete their homework because every letter that looked back at them suggested who they were and what they had done. These letters looked deceiving ones own self upright like ones brain. These swirled with doubt and self-loathing in a constant dazzling confusion, locked in an eternal uncertainty. Mrs. Martin was able to change all that. While it was non until fourth grade that Mrs. Martin showed me that there was nothing wrong with my mind, I had been battling with dyslexia ever since. I had to re-learn how to learn and find the shrewdest of tricks just to get by. Mrs. Martin showed me and countless other students that eyepatch we might fail to accomplish our goal in some areas, it would certainly not mean we had failed as humans. To a dyslexic patient, the world can be easily learned and absorbed in a multitude of ways, sometimes not always through the most traditional means and ways. Books on tape, lectures, detainment on, and kinesthetic learning in general became the savior of my academic career. Struggling to learn how to read and write allowed me to understand alternatives as well.

Monday, June 17, 2019

Free writing journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Free writing journal - Essay ExampleConnies attempt to make up a young sexy woman attracted the eyes of Arthur Friend. And when he approached her at home, she got scared because he was not the young man he told her to be. Also, his calm phonate and coaxing seemed to be too powerful for Connie. And when he told her that he will harm his family, Connies terror led her to come out of the house and go to him.Oates created a clear picture of one possible scenario of teenagers fun gone wrong. Instead of scantily giving her the excitement of a concealed life, her attempt to look and become a more mature and sexy woman led her to harms way. This story was in not just a good read for adolescents but it was also a lesson. It may be fiction but it can be real for some teenagers. It evokes images of violence, take down rape. Though there were no explicit statements that indicated there was violence or crime that happened, the images that Oates described seemed to suggest that there was some thing that happened to Connie, something terrifying. It might have been in her theme only but it suggested that her encounter with Friend destroyed her attempt to delineate her two different sides. The story left us with the lesson that adolescents, same as Connies age, need proper guidance to prevent them from going down the wrong

Sunday, June 16, 2019

Briefing a case---Near v. Minnesota Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Briefing a ---Near v. Minnesota - Case Study practice sessionThe royal court was of the judgment that the restraining order violated the First Amendment of the Constitution (Near v. Minnesota). Since the Press was barred against publishing and circulating information on prejudice and anti-Semitism, the Court indicated that the media was scarcely censored. The press had to enjoy its freedoms and restrains would only be applicable in contexts such as the media publishing stories that touched on overthrowing the government, matters on national security, war, incitement and impropriety (Near v. Minnesota).Who won the conflict? What is the legal holding? The Saturday Press won the conflict. The legal holding focused on the fact that the statute did not allow for censorship control by the media. Censorship for the Saturday Press was, therefore, not permitted (Near v. Minnesota). The state in this context, did not have the mandate to determine what would be published or not. The Court a lso noted that issuing sanctions to the media prior to their publications would be a clear infringement of the freedom of the press. Prior restraints were therefore not applicable.Why? The logic that supports the legal age opinion is the fact that the First Amendment was to protect the press, and more so from interference from the government that strives to make restraints on the media (Near v. Minnesota). A precedent that emanates from the case relates to how the government makes invariant attempts to restrain speech especially on ideas that do not support the government. This case will be used a guide to future cases on restraints on speech.in the event that the government opts to regulate the media, this ruling will be useful to giving rulings.Concurring and dissenting opinions Three judges among them Justice pantryman wrote dissenting opinions that the statute needs not operate on restraints on publications. According to the judges, the

Saturday, June 15, 2019

Summary time,space, and the evolution of afro-america society Term Paper

Summary time,space, and the evolution of afro-america society - Term Paper ExampleThrough the American Revolution, African cultures had been integrated into the Euro-American culture in the mid eighteenth century (46). The population of slaves ranged from 4-8 percent in different counties. Most Northern blacks worked in the countryside and a fewer labored in the rural industries. Iron masters were the largest employers of slaves in the industries and owned the largest number of slaves in the north.Most rural slaves worked in the farms tendering livestock and growing crops for export. These slaves lived on the farms and never worked in gangs (47). Some of the clear farmers relied on indented servants to supplement farm labor since slaves were expensive. In trade centers, blacks worked as stock minders and herdsmen. Provisional trading take several slaves, which enabled them create a strong companionship compared to those working in the farms. Urban slaves worked as house servants a nd lived in back rooms, closets, and lofts (48). The interaction between the slaves and the white people led to a gradual cultural transformation. Those in the urban centers started participating in economic activities, and they adopted Christianity. New York slaves started acquiring property, while those in the rural areas continued living in poor

Friday, June 14, 2019

E-Business and Value Chains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

E-Business and Value Chains - Essay ExampleThis paper will seek to develop e-value and e-customer cosmic strings in terms of e-business to show the means by which information technology (IT) has been influencing the Virgin Atlantic Airways apparel business innovation, transformation, and development among other benefits (Godwin, 20094). Additionally, this paper will focus on opportunities brought about by electronic business and asses strengths as well as weaknesses experienced by this organization receivable to information technology. Changes in supply chain management practices of Virgin Atlantic Airways Virgin Atlantic Airways is an acclaimed leader in the aviation industry. Being the first airline to introduce or launch customer for the Airbus A340-600, it accords its name a coarse deal of success and innovation (Buhalis, 20037). This airline revolutionized the business when it created the Upper Class Suite and started offering regular services to 25 destinations globally. Wit h development of internet, the supply chain management and practices of this airline transformed. This is because information communication technologies transformed the entire business world of aviation. In particular, the airline industry fostered its dependency on technology due to its strategic and operational management. Virgin Atlantic Airways was an early adopter of information communication technolo

Thursday, June 13, 2019

What makes people attractive to others Research Paper

What makes people charismatic to others - Research Paper ExampleThe two most exciting life incidences intimately life in college for infantile men is the possibility of development of a relationship away from relatives either just friendship or romantic. The paper posits that college men become attracted to others when they identify an admirable quality in them. The paper outlines these qualities and their effects in attractiveness. The secret identified in the discussion as overlaying attraction is self-importance love. Attractive people judge neither themselves nor other people. They ar open to all love gestures directed to them. This makes their character to be viewed in a affirmative light. They express their love in every way and think about it most of the time. With such an attitude no ill thoughts about others can hamper their mind. According to Harper, college men should understand that human interactions are vital in acquiring a sense of well-being, happiness and self esteem (402). The paper in any case stresses on the emotional as well as physical well-being because, at their age, the community expects college men to be energetic both physically and emotionally. This implies that iodin may be physically healthy but emotionally challenged leading to overall adverse effects on their interactions. It give also be hard for a young man to sustain a meaningful relationship if they lack emotional stability. DISCUSSION The education status of college men demands that much of their opinion capacity be preoccupied by academic issues non life shocks and stresses. This is an indication that if one does not uphold proper interactive tendencies towards people, his academic feat will certainly be affected negatively. When they discover that people do not like them, emotions run the gamut from defensive indignation to a feeling of profound pain and enormous sadness. One should focus on improving both his physical and emotional character while streamlin ing self attitude towards other people. However, young college men may look physically tattered, frail and unattractive if they do not embrace a healthy lifestyle. Healthy people engage in some form of daily exercise alongside healthy diets to support the physical stability of their energetic bodies. One should indulge in this because they respect themselves and not aiming to impress others. The strategy can entail the involvement of a group activity. This promotes positive interactions with the group members. Attractive people maintain their emotional wellbeing through allowing themselves time to focus. This detaches them from adrenaline negative impacts such as distractions and clutters (Davenport point 32). There are many virtues that one needs to acquire to ensure they are attractive to other people especially the college mates and the teaching staff. It is eminent for one to develop his personal operating system (Davenport point 1). This can be arrant(a) through curving out a nd defining their philosophy, values, interests and reality than blindly embracing that of their peers and the community at large. When people understand your likes and dislikes, the interactive attitude they portray upon you will be related to the stipulated principles. Expressing ones personality indicates that one accepts who they are. Therefore, people interact with the real self and not a fake personality. Accepting who we are requires personal sacrifice as one lets go of the need for validation (Davenport point 2). Attractive people speak constructively and attach sense in whatever they discuss. Although the current trends among the peers associate naughty-boy image with attractiveness towards young ladies, this notion is short-lived and causes harm to self-worth

Wednesday, June 12, 2019

Religion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Religion - Research Paper ExampleA shaman is an individualistic considered as having access to, and power in, the world of malevolent and benevolent spirits, who normally gets into a state of trance during a ritual and practices healing and divination (Kehoe 3).Rituals routine a significant role in establishing and sustaining group solidarity. In totemic communities, each descent group has a plant, animal or geographical part through which they claim descent (Baldick 33). Totems are at the peak of ancestor of clans. Clan members cannot kill or devour their totem, except after one socio-economic class when the clan members assembled for ceremonies in honor of the totem (Baldick 33). Totemism is a religious belief wherein elements of nature per model as sanctified templates for society through means of emblematic association. They express their religion by using nature as a model for society. Each and every descent cluster has a totem, which inhabits a particular niche in nature. Also, social differences echo the natural arrangement of the environment (Baldick 34). For instance, the Ahimsa of the Hindu doctrine of nonviolence (a religion that is well known to practice Totemism) forbids the murdering of animals. Finally, totems express their religions through cosy association of friendship and defense between an individual and a natural object or a specific animal (at times, between an individual and variant species of animals) the natural object can offer unique power to its holder (Baldick 34).Shamanism is comprehended by some individuals to be a prehistoric form of religio-magic or religion practiced by the aboriginals of the northern part of Asia and by all other aboriginals in other areas of the globe (Kehoe 56). This view is held by Kharuzin, Mikhailowski, as well as other Russian scholars (Kehoe 56). Others argue that Shamanism was merely one form of religious expression of the cult of the northern part of

Tuesday, June 11, 2019

Batch Distillation Column Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Batch Distillation Column - Assignment ExampleA single batch newspaper column is able to separate a multi-component mixed bag in a single operation, to its various components. During the start-up period, the column is adjusted in a way that ensures the distillate produced go out be of desired purity (Jana, 2008, 145). The inter slit pointion period is, in contrast, the part of the process during which the product is withdrawn from the column.Operation of the batch distillate column takes entrust in four ways. Constant reflux ratio, total reflux, optimal ratio, and constant distillate composition are the methods used in operating batch distillation column. The method of operation of the batch distillation column is dependent on the type of mixture that is being separated. In the separation of the methanol/water mixture for instance, total reflux method could be appropriately used.In total reflux, the batch process is left alone to approach steady state in the lead the withdrawal of the distillate product is allowed to start. In order to now achieve steady state, overhead vapours are condensed and collected in the condenser-reflux drum placement (Diwekar, 2011, 5). All the liquid that has been condensed is directed to return to the column. When this happens, the liquid is further taken through the distillation process several times until there is no to a greater extent distillate product to be removed. This continuous process of reflux and subsequent distillation ensures that the maximum possible purity is obtained, since no more distillate product is left unremoved.The process that goes on in the batch distillation column is a complex one. Liquid mixture is put in a vessel that is known as the still spot. The vessel is then heated to such a time as vapour is produced, and the vapour is directed to a rectifying column. As the vapours rise in the column, they become enriched in the component of the mixture that is more volatile. In the initial start-up per iod, all the vapour collected from the top section of the column is

Monday, June 10, 2019

Personal finance project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Personal finance project - Essay ExampleAll these move in it extremely confusing for a layman to guide the best options for focusing of his money. The aim of business portfolio management course was to make one understand different financial products that are available to an individual and the coveted mix of assets that shall assure certain amount of give-up the ghosts and ways of conducting a better financial management of ones portfolio.The paper is a study of management of personal finance under a mock scenario, where the student has to manage a portfolio of stock market, metals in the international market as well as bank deposits in banks that belong to Non Islamic category in Qatar. The case provides the student with a startup capital of QR 1,000,000 million along with the freedom to make investitures in various investiture options available. The investments are made as per discretion of the investor, inclusive of his personal investment strategy and rationale. The paper also highlights objective of the investment scenario, along with a clear presentation of the strategic investment portfolio. The risk return trade off considered by the investor is emphasized and the paper concludes with an estimation of return of the individual at end of the investment period.The rationale of this project is to determine the level of investment understanding of students, after the course of finance. The project is an assessment and a practical understanding of the investment management course undertaken as a part of this course. The project is also a presentation of a mock investment portfolio based on past data of the markets, which portrays a practical view of the literal investment scenario and portfolio management case for a finance manager.The project provides insights into the broader real case scenario with help of a hypothetical situation that is presented to the investor. The investor shall invest in a minimum of 3 stocks at a time and maintain portfolios in

Sunday, June 9, 2019

Plotinus and His Theory of Beauty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Plotinus and His Theory of Beauty - Essay ExampleIt is everything and nothing, everything and nowhere. The One is the source of solely beings and, as the Good, the goal of all aspirations, gay and non-human. (Bussanich, 1996, p. 38). concord to Plotinus, everything that exists in the world flows out of the One and it is the One which emanates the divine Intellect. In turn, the Intellect originates the Soul, which incorporates the world soul, the human and other souls, and it is the Soul which produces the nature and head in the universe. To Plotinus, one of the most striking features of the One is that it remains ever-complete and undiminished, in spite of the emanation and the idea of emanation of the One indicates that reality is structured in a hierarchical order, stretching from the uplifting source down to corporeal matter. Plotinus theory of beauty can be realized in relation to his overall metaphysical psychology. As Binita Mehta maintains, the perception of beauty, acco rd to Plotinus, dumbfounds the soul and fills it with love. ... It is a phenomenological fact that an experience of rapturous delight that beauty evokes creates an appetite in us for get on similar experiences For Plotinus, even a purely sensuous beauty can serve as a starting point of the quest for higher beauty. (Mehta). According to Plotinus, even the beauty in the material world should be realized as the reflection of the understandable beauty. Therefore, there is an essential power for beauty as the apprehension of sensible beauty can very well propel the soul to realize the source of this lower form of beauty in the intelligible realm. In other words, beauty in every form and element can lead one to the ultimate source of beauty which is the source of everything in the world. Essentially, a reflective analysis of the theory of beauty according to Plotinus confirms that beauty is closely connected to the Divine or the One who is the ultimate source of all beings, and the conc ept of beauty has a great role in the ascent of the Soul to the One or the Divine. The notion of beauty has an essential role in the metaphysics of Plotinus who develops his theory of beauty in the I.6 and V.8 of his book the Enneads and a reflective analysis of these sections of the book can greatly offer the basics of notion of beauty according to the author. In the I.6 section of the book, Plotinus maintains that Beauty addresses itself chiefly to sight, but there is a beauty for hearing too, as in certain combinations of words and all kinds of music, for melodies and cadences ar beautiful and minds that lift themselves above the realm of sense to higher order are aware of beauty in the conduct of life, in actions, in character, in the pursuit of the intellect and there is beauty of the virtues. What loftier beauty there may be, yet, our

Saturday, June 8, 2019

Australian business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Australian business law - Essay ExampleThe law of shrink is perhaps one of the most of the essence(predicate) dimensions of the whole legal systems of any country. In Australia, a contract of Law, as in other countries, is concerned with the regulation of agreements, especially in relation to the substitution of goods and services for money or other considerations like goods or services. The law of contract, an important branch of Common Law, plays vital role in vesting legally enforceable rights in each party against the other party. The law of contract also states about the corresponding liabilities of twain the parties and its impacts on both parties legal rights as well. This patch of paper presents a law-case analysis in relation to the main elements of contract including offer, word sense and breach of contract. This paper analyzes whether a person, who entered in to contract and unknowingly breached the contents, bequeath be legally rightful to claim and the other party will be legally liable for it. Anthony kept his laptop valued $3000 in a affect room while he visited a casino. When he gave it to the vest room, he was given a document. He signed on the bottom half(prenominal) of the document and top half has been given to him. He noticed that the bottom half of it has writing below the area identified for his signature, but he didnt read it. He placed the top half of the document in his pocket and was lost while walking around the casino. When he claimed his laptop from the cloak room, he was told that his laptop has already been taken by aboutbody else. The writing, which he hasnt read while signing, was stating that The casino takes no responsibility for any exit incurred by the person(s) depositing goods into this cloak room whether by any act or omission of the casino, its employees or agents. There has been a valid contract between Anthony and cloak room, including offer and acceptance. Anthony has accepted that cloak room is not respo nsible for any loss due to his mistake. While both these parties entered in to the contract, Clock room offering the safe-custody service and Anthony accepting it, clock room put a condition and Anthony signed on it, without carefully noticing what in it. The legal perspectives of this case will be detailed below Case Analysis The elements of the law of contract The contract usually consists of basic three elements, offer and acceptance, consideration and intention to enter in to the legal relation between the parties1. There is no valid contract unless there are agreements between two or more persons. Offer and acceptance between two or more parties make a legal contract. Consideration is that each party in the contract has agreed to do some thing on behalf of the other. Normally speaking, it is the price one pays or agrees to pay to the other for the bargain. As its third element, the contract would be valid only if both the parties have intended to enter in to the contract while they entered2. When it comes to the case of Anthony and garment room, it can be found that there has been a valid contract between both the parties. Cloak room has agreed that they will keep his Laptop valued $3000 until he demands. There were offer and acceptance between them too. Cloak room offered their service of keeping things in safe custody and Anthony accepted it for a certain consideration. Both the parties were in true intention to enter in to this legal contract as well. The contract between Anthony and Cloak room was therefore merely legally valid and genuine. According to the contract, Anthony must get moxie his laptop on his request. But, he didnt get it back due to that he missed the document and that has been used by some one else to heap up his laptop. During the contract being made, cloak room has put a condition that he must bring the document back to claim his belongings and he signed on the contract. His signature was legally an acceptance of the contract as well as the

Friday, June 7, 2019

Robert Burns’ “To a Mouse” Essay Example for Free

Robert fire To a Mouse EssayIn the poesys Robert burn To a Mouse and The Mouses Petition by Anna Letitia Barbauld, many feelings and emotions about mice atomic number 18 brought forth. While both poems were written by assorted authors, many of the feelings they share towards mice are viridity. The analysis of the two poems w disappointment serve well to find the comparisons and differences in theme, political and social issues, diction, and emotional state. Examples from the poems will help to show the similarities and differences in the two. The tone of each poet in the poems, many similarities become evident. Both poets face a sad and guilty tone when talking about mice. When Barbauld begins to write about what she believes the mouse is feeling inside of the test cage, the lecturer gets an idea how the poet whitethorn also feel.For here forlorn and sad I sit, within the wiry grate. (Barbauld, 5-6) Barbauld uses a line in the poem to show how she thinks the mouse is fe eling. Robert Burns expresses an concern amount of remorse for the mouse in his poem. He does so by using his sad regretful and remorseful tone, much like Barbauld. Im truly sorry mans dominion has broken Natures social union. (Burns, l.7-8) Burns makes it obvious how he feels by using his tones end-to-end the poem to relay a message of guilt and sadness. The two poems share identical endings Burns as well as Barbauld make reference to the position that mice are much like men. Barbauld indicates, So when destruction lurks unseen, which men, like mice, may share. (Barbauld, l.45-48) Oddly enough, speaking to a mouse in the same tone, Burns states, The best-laid schemes o mice an men Gang aft a-gley. (Burns, l.39-40) While both poems are written by different poets, in different years, the two share the same tone to help portray their views of mice and how they are misunderstood.The themes in both of the poems are very(prenominal) similar also both poems are about mice and their l ife changing experiences with them. The usual theme in Anna Barbaulds, A Mouses Petition, is cruelty and unfairness. The mouse Barbauld speaks of is universe utilize for tests in a science lab, and will eventually be killed in such experiments. Anna writes through and through poem that this act is unjust and should not happen to such a creature. Through the use of the poem she tries to tell the scientist Beware, lest in the worm you crush, a brothers soul you find. (Barbauld, l.35-36) Barbauld relates that killing a mouse is not morally different from taking the life of a fellow man. The poems theme is telling and pushes the reader to feel sorrow for the poor mouse. In To a Mouse by Robert Burns, the ongoing themes are guilt and fear.Burns knows what mice are up to, larceny his food from his crops and ruining his walls within his home to make homes of their own. Burns however, does not care because he himself feels guilty for the little mice. Burns feels like even though they may be a nuisance to some humans, the mice take on no choice but to do these things to live to see another day. I incertitude na, whiles, but thou may thieve What then? Poor beastie, thou maun live (Burns l.13-14) Burns explains why he is not bothered that the mice steal his food. Burns also has the theme of fear in his poem. The mice fear men, and for good reason, Burns is aware of this and makes minimal effort to scare the mice while they are at work.An justifies that ill opinion which makes thee startle, (Burns, l.9-10) Burns discusses how the fear mice have for men is due to the brutes who have no patience to understand what the mice go through. While the two poems have different themes, one cosmos cruelty and unfairness and the other being guilt and fear, the themes are similar in the fashion that both poets show remorse for the mice and what they go through. Barbauld never once mentions how mice may in fact have it easier than humans do, but in the final lines from To a Mou se Burns does indicate being a mouse may sometimes be easier.Still thou art blest compared wi me (Burns, l.43) Burns states that even though a mouse may not demand to be a human, Burns believes a mouse has the ability to solely live in the present, and cannot remember the past or have to think of the future. Burns shares the dread he feels when he must remember the past or think about the future. Burns wishes he never had such a burden, and believes mice would not want to have such a burden either. For this reason while the two poems themes are very similar, they still have contact lens differences in how they view mice and men.Many Political issues were raised when the two poems were written. In 1773, the same year The Mouses Petition was written, the Boston tea fellowship movement had happened. This happened soon after the British parliament granted it a monopoly to the North American tea trade. While this made the British happy it was the rootage of a revolt by the Americans. They felt they should not have to be taxed for their own goods. The Americans fought stand by raiding the tea ships going to the British and put away all the tea into the ocean. While this was a revolt for the Americans, for the British not much had happened except for the fact they had seen what happens as a result of people being pushed into something they didnt want to do. This conjunction can be made to the Mouse in A Mouses Petition because the mouse did not want to be a test subject but was forced to do so, left without a choice.Wither or not Barbaulds writing was impact by the Boston Tea Party movement or not, the two happening in the same year seems to be enough of a connection to assume this was an effect. In 1785, the same year To a Mouse was written, Scotland was under the beginning of the highland clearances. Before 1785 many families and clans were getting relocated to other part of Scotland so that the land could be used to raise big black sheep instead. The succ ess of relocating humans for the use of their land became so popular that the evil countess of Sutherland used the threat of clearances to blackmail every young man on her vast estates to enlist in her regiment.She then evicted their families later anyway. One is left to wonder if Burns was forced to take part in one of these dreadful moves, or simply had to experience seeing these events happen. Either way having to leave your land unexpectedly would take a toll on your mind mentally and physically. Especially if you were sent to war with promise your land would be safe, only to come back realizing your land had been taken away anyways.In, To a mouse, burns refers by stating through a part of his poem that he does not like the fact that he can remember the past, The present only touchect thee But och I backward cast my ee On prospects drear An forward though I canna see, I guess an fear (Burns, l.49-53) Burns talks about how looking back on the past brings him disappointment and sorrow. Maybe this is because he was in the nitty-gritty of relocation or had already gone through one due to the highland clearance. While material has not proven or disproven that Burns was a part of the highland clearance one can be left wondering if those events had an impact on his poem.The poetic diction in the two poems is very unique. While both use plenty of metaphors, there vocabulary is much different. This is partly because Burns uses a Scotish accent in his poems to give off the Scots feel. Barbauld uses regular 1700s English, much like other poets of the time from Britain. Burnss Scottish accent is used in the poem to give the reader an idea what it would sound like if he himself was to recite the poem. While the reader may not understand as quickly as if reading in regular English, it helps to read the poem exactly like it would be read. While at first it is a challenging task to understand, it later becomes simple to translate. Barbaulds poem is much more generic f or what the poems looked like in her area in the 1700s, there is no accent used like in Burnss which makes the initial reading of her poem much easier.One thing To a Mouse and A Mouses Petition have in common is there use of metaphors. Burns uses metaphor less often than Barbauld, An bleak Decembers winds ensuin, Baith snell and keen (Burns l.28-29) Burns discusses with the mouse about how the winter winds are sharp like a knife, a metaphor for the winter wind being cold and seeming like it can go right through your body. Barbauld uses metahphors more frequently, May some kind angel clear thy path, And break the hidden snare. (Barbauld, l.47-48) Barbauld is saying metaphorically that she hopes the man has a sudden change of mind and his thoughts are changed for the good, not to use the mouse as a scientific test dummy.The two poems being compared and contrasted show that the two are not so different. While there are many similarities and differences analysing political and social is sues, diction, and tone have helped to find these similarities and differences. The two poems about mice are much more building complex than the initial read. The reader must dig deep into the meanings of the poems, the diction, the time they were written, the social issues that were happening in those times, and the poets tones to reveal the true meanings of the poems.Works CitedBurns, R. To a Mouse. The Longman Anthology British Literature. David Damrosch and Kevin J.H. Dettmar. Pearson Education, 2010. 359-360. Latitita, A. The Mouses Petition. The Longman Anthology British Literature. David Damrosch and Kevin J.H. Dettmar. Pearson Education, 2010. 62-63.

Thursday, June 6, 2019

US Hotel Lodging Industry Essay Example for Free

US Hotel Lodging Industry Essay1. According to the text, there are several stand-out economic characteristics of the macro-environment of the U.S. hotel lodgement industry. The general economic characteristics of the macro-environment would include such items as rate of economic growth, unemployment rates, inflation rates, and interest rates. Those that stand-out for the U.S. hotel lodging industry include headline unemployment, mostly payable to declining business and conference travel. There was relatively unchanged real GDP, and due to the housing crisis and recession in our economy, rampant foreclosures. 2. The Good Hotel brand, I feel, did well in its strategy implementation efforts. They went to a strategy designed to inspire good in us all. One that was good for the plant and socially conscious(p) with a lighthearted twist. Going green is definitely part of their strategy to gain a competitive advantage in the green campaign and to continue growth. Those that are heav ily interested in the green movement feel connected to Good Hotels overall plan for the environment.3. Part of the attain strategy implementation effort is by Pam Janusz. She has gotten to know staff, guests and those from the neighborhood. Training is ongoing for management to addition their standards of offering service and pushing guest loyalty. The hotel has also started cycle programs and using energy efficient lighting. Yes, I feel management has allocated sufficient resources to the strategy execution by how well the company has been doing recently. The strong leadership by Janusz has propelled them forward she is heavily involved in all aspects of this hotel. Also, due to the leadership, all employees seem to be on board with the hotels vision, strategy implementation, and have a high satisfaction rate. These everyday written and unwritten policies and procedures go a long way in executing a strategy.4. According to Janusz, the financial results are right on target with b eating their financial forecasts for the 1st quarter of 2010 and the fact that guest service has been on the rise over the last some months. According to the statistics provided in the text, RevPar ($) has increased over the past couple of years and in comparing this number to the peer group has a higher RevPar. Their line of work levels have increased which can lead to larger overall revenue. So, yes, they are doing just fine in producing good financial results, especially since they just enforced the strategy in 2008.5. I am sure Pam Janusz will do just fine seeing as how she is a strong leader in how to handle this situation. If I were to make any recommendations to her it would be to be sure that the transition is explained to everyone in the organization, and fully, without leaving anything out. I would have her set up meetings with interactive media to promote clarity and support from the staff and start working with top management and having this information filter its way down. I would recommend her setting up a resistance to change program for those that will find the transition difficult. I would recommend the overall concept of Good Hotel be continued and maybe even expanded further to leave the company on a good note and in a good financial position. They have make a fine job so far and feel it can be and should be continued and hopefully this will lead to continued increase in its revenues and market position.

Wednesday, June 5, 2019

A computed tomography

A computed tomography1. IntroductionOne of the most utilize proficiencys in the imagiology field is called Computed Tomography (CT), a method to acquire pieces of the body based on the attenuation of roentgenograms. This monograph strangle on try to compile the most important information about CT, namely its history, somatogenetic principles, fundamental instrumentation, data learnedness and bear on techniques, as well as its applications.Firstly, a brief tour through and through the history of the technique go out be taken, while some of the most important achievements will be referred. The starting point will be the discovery of the X-rays, then passing through the origination of the first CT s stackner and the development of data analysis and processing algorithms.Then, a concise revision of the evolution of the s sternners will be d unmatchable, delineating the different generations of conk outners and the tonality features of distributively unmatchable.In golf-cl ub to understand how an aspiration can be scanned by this technique, a review of the physical opinions that constitute the basis of CT will be done. More precisely, we will discuss the attenuation of radiotherapy while passing through objects. A short description of how X-rays interact with matter and the concept of elongate attenuation coefficient will be discussed.The instrumentation needed for CT will shortly be referred, in particular the most important components of a CT scanner will be briefly explained.As data acquired by the scanners are not displayed in the way they are obtained, we will by and by explain the most use methods to process and analyze the big(p) amount of information acquired by the CT happen uponors.The process of creating a scale to confront data the CT casts will subsequently be overviewed, in order to understand how renders are created and shown to the doctors. A description of how CT allows to distinguish different anatomical structures and how it permits to see on the dot the structures we want will alike be done.After that, an enumeration of some of the many clinical applications of CT will be done, sagacious at the start that it will be impossible to list all the applications, reason wherefore just a few will be referred. Besides, it is not the main goal of this monograph, although it is essential to understand the crucial importance of CT in the medicine field.Finally, we will try to conjecture about the future of CT, specifically what it can be improved and what are the actual challenges for this technique and how it can be overcame.This monograph is part of the Hospital and Medical Instrumentation course and pretends to be an general view of CT, reason why thither is not exhaustive detail in each section (for more detail in the approached topics, please tape the references). 3-Dimensional reconstructive memory techniques will not be discussed because it is the topic of another group. Incisive instrumentati on will not be exploited because it not exploited in the course as well.2. Historical BackgroundThe history of CT started with the discovery of X-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, which gave him the Physics Nobel Prize in 1901.Du prognosticate 1917, the Austrian mathematician Johann Radon demonstrable a study in which he demonstrated that making some(prenominal) acoustic projections in different commissionings of a cloth and recreating its associated pattern, it was possible to obtain a slice where one could characterize different densities of the material.The idea of using these mathematical methods to create forecasts of slices of the human body in radiographic films was proposed by the Italian radiologist Alessandro Vallebona in 1930.Between 1956 and 1963, the physicist Allan Cormack developed a method to calculate the distribution of absorbed radiation in the human body based on transmission measurements, which allowed to detect small variations in ducking. 2, 3, 4In the year of 1972, Sir Godfrey Hounsfield (who won the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1979, shared with Cormack) invented the first CT scanner in United Kingdom when he was working at EMI Company, which, at the sentence, was actually best k forthwithn for its connection to the music world. The original prototype, called EMI Scanner, recorded 160 points for each projection in 180 different angles (with steps of 1) and each slice took 5 legal proceeding to be acquired. A 180160 matrix was then constructed with these data, which took 2 and half hours to be analyzed until the final 2D-images could be visualized.The first types of scanners required the patients head to be immerged in a water-filled container in order to reduce the residual of X-rays attenuation amid the rays that crossed the skull and the ones that only crossed the environment, because the sensing element had a small picture of intensities that it could measure. 5, 6During the subsequent years, CT scan ners increased its complexity, and based on that evolution, we can distinguish louver generations of machines that will be discussed in the next section (Section 3).Later, in 1989, it was developed a new technique in which data acquisition was done continuously the spiral CT scanning using the movement of the platform where the patient was lying. 4Nowadays, CT machines spend a penny obviously superior performances than the prototypes of the 70s. In fact, several rows of detectors have been added which now allows registration of multiple slices at the aforesaid(prenominal) time the multislices scanners. These improvements allowed to represent data in 10241024 matrixes, which have a 1 megapixel pixel resolution. 7, 83. evolution of CT ScannersOver the time, the fundamentals of data acquisition and the key characteristics of the machines changed in many ways. This fact, allow us to split the evolution of the CT scanners in five generations.3.1 First Generation Parallel BeamThe first technique implemented in CT commercial machines inhabited of the emission of a parallel X-ray post that passed through the patient until it reached a detector located on the opposite side. Both X-ray and detector were place in the edge of a ring with the patient as the center. The X-ray source, as well as the detector, suffered a linear translation motion to acquire data from all maters directions. Then, the X-ray thermionic tube and the detector, was rotated about 1, having the patient as isocenter, and a new transmit was emitted and the movement of translation restarted. This process was repeated until it reached 180 and, for each cycle of emitted beams, 160 projections of the material on analysis were recorded. The gamyly collimated beam provided excellent rejection of scattered radiation in the patient. At this point, the most used image reconstruction technique was the backprojection. Later in this work (Section 6) we will explain the techniques used in reconstruct ion. The time needed for data acquisition was extremely long (5 minutes per slice), due to technological limitations. 83.2 Second Generation Fan beamIn the arcminute generation, the collimated beam was replaced by a fan X-ray beam and the simplex detector was replaced by a linear array of detectors. This advance resulted in a shorter scan time, although this technique still continued to use a united source-detector translation motion. At the same time, the algorithms used to reconstruct the slice images became more complicated.Because of the vast amount of time needed to acquire data, both the first and second generations of scanners were limited to head and extremities scans, because those were the regions of the body that could remain immobilized during the long scan time. 9, 2, 83.3 Third generation Rotating detectorsThe third generation of scanners emerged in 1976. In this generation, the fan beam was tumid enough to completely contain the patient, which made the translati on movement redundant and the scanner commenced to execute only the rotational movement. Such as the fan beam, too the detectors became big enough to record all data of each slice at a time. The detector consisted of a line with hundreds of independent detectors that, like as in the second generation, rotated attached to the X-ray source, which required up to 5 seconds to acquire each slice. The power supply was now made by a slip ring agreement placed on the gantry, which allowed to continually rotate it without the need to reverse the rotating motion to untwist the power cables used before, as it was needed after each rotation in first and second generations. 2, 83.4 Fourth generation Fixed detectorsThis generation was implemented in the late 70s and its induction was a stationary ring of detectors that surrounded the patient. In this case, only the X-ray beam had movement. The ring consisted of a 600 to 4800 independent detectors that sequentially recorded the projections, so detector and source were no longer associated. However, detectors were calibrated twice during each rotation of the X-ray source, providing a self-calibrating system. Third generation systems were calibrated only once all few hours.In the fourth generation systems, dickens detectors geometries were used. The first one consists of a rotating fan beam inside the fixed ring of detectors and the second one has the fan beam immaterial the ring. These technological advances provided a reduction of the scan times to 5s per image and slice spacing below 1 mm.Both third and fourth generations are available in market and both have success in medical activities. 8, 23.5 Fifth Generation Scanning electron beamThe innovation of the fifth generation of CT scanners ( too soon 80s) was a new system of X-ray source. While the ring of detectors remains stationary, it was added a new semicircular shimmy of tungsten and one electron gun which is placed in the patient alignment. By directing this electron beam to the anode of the tungsten strip, the release of X-ray radiation is induced. This method results in a no moving parts system, i.e. no mechanical motion is needed to record data because the detectors completely surround the patients and the electronic beam is directed electronically. The four target rings and the two detector banks allow eight slices to be acquired at the same time, which reduce the scan time and, consequently, the motion artifacts. This fact led to the reduction of scan time to between 33 and 100 ms, which is sufficient to capture images of the heart during its cardiac cycle, reason why it is the most used in diagnostic of cardiac disease. For that reason, this is also called Ultrafast CT (UFCT) or Cardiovascular CT (CVCT) Because of the continuous scan, special adjustments in the algorithm are needed to reduce image artifacts. 2, 8, 93.6 Spiral ScannersThe idea of creating a spiral CT came with the need for scans of 3-Dimensional images. This system to acquire 3-Dimensional CT images was born in the early 90s and consists of a continue translation movement of the table which supports the patient. This technique is based on the third generation of machines and allows scan times of the abdomen to be cut back from 10 minutes to 1 minute, which reduces the motion artifacts. Besides, a 3-Dimensional model of the organ under study can be reconstructed. The most complex innovation of this technique consists of the data processing algorithms, because they must consider the spiral path of X-ray beam around the patient. Technically, this was possible only due to the slip ring system implemented on the third generation of scanner. 9, 8, 103.7 Cone beamAfter the development of new techniques, detectors, methods and algorithms, nowadays the question is How many slices can we acquire at same time?. The answer to this question lies in the placement of several rows of detectors and the transformation of a fan beam X-ray to a 3-Dimensional co ne beam. Nowadays, manufacturers have already placed 64 rows of detectors (multislice systems) and the image quality reached high levels. Moreover, the completely scan of a structure takes now about 15 seconds or level off less. 24. Physical PrinciplesThe basic principle of CT is measuring the spatial density distribution of a human organ or a part of the body. It is identical to conventional X-ray, in which an X-ray source of uniform intensity is directed to the patient and the image is generated by the projection of the X-rays against a film. The X-rays are emitted with a authoritative intensity I0 and they emerge on the other side of the patient with a lower intensity I. The intensity ebbs while crossing the patient, because radiation interacts with matter. More precisely, X-rays used in CT are of the order of 120kV and, with that force (120 keV), they interact with tissues mainly by photoelectric (mostly at lower energies) and Compton effects (at higher energies), although they can also interact by coherent scatter, also called Rayleigh scatter (5% to 10% of the total interactions).Photoelectric effect consists of the emission of an electron (photoelectron) from the irradiated matter caused by the absorption of the X-rays might by an inner electron of the medium. In Compton effect, a X-ray photon interacts with an outer electron of matter and deviates its trajectory, transferring part of its pushing to the electron, which is then ejected. In coherent scatter, the energy of the X-ray is absorbed by the tissue causing the electrons to gain harmonic motion and is then reradiated in a random direction as a secondary X-ray. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14CT X-rays are not monoenergetic, but for now, to simplify the understanding of this concept, we will consider them monoenergetic. When an X-ray (as well as other radiation) passes through a material, part of its intensity is absorbed in the medium and, as a consequence, the final intensity is lower than the initial o ne. More precisely, the Beers Law states that intensity hereditary through the medium depends on the linear attenuation coefficient of the material if we consider that we are in presence of a homogeneous medium and the thickness of the material x according to the following expressionThe problem with conventional radiographs is that it only provides an integrated value for along the path of the X-ray, which means that we have a 2-Dimensional projection of a 3-Dimensional anatomy. As it can be substantially understood, all the structures and organs at the same level will appear overlapped in the image. As a consequence, some details cannot be perceived and some organs may not be entirely seen. For example, it is very hard to see the kidneys in a conventional radiography because the intestines appear in front of them. 15, 16, 11Moreover, as there are many values of (typically one for each point of the scanned part of the body), it is not possible to calculate their values with on e singe measure. However, if measures of the same plane by many different directions are made, all the coefficients may be calculated, and that is what CT does. As Figure 4 shows, a narrow X-ray beam that is upraised by the source in the direction of a detector, which means that only a narrow slice of the body is imaged and the value of intensity recorded by the detector depends on all the material crossed by the X-ray in its way. That is the reason why it is called tomography it derives from the Greek tomos which means to cut or section. Many data of X-ray transmission through a plane of an object (an organ or a party of the body) from several directions are recorded and are then used to reconstruct the object by sign processing techniques. These techniques will be discussed later in this monograph (Section 6). The tightly collimated X-ray beam ensures that no significant scatter is present in order to assure a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), a necessary premise to obtain a fai thful image of the scanned object. For that reason, unlike conventional tomography, in CT, patients structures located outside the flying field that is being imaged do not interfere. 17, 9, 125. InstrumentationThe X-ray system is tranquil by an X-ray source, collimators, detectors and a data-acquisition system (DAS). X-ray source is undoubtedly the most important part, because it is what determines the quality of the image. 10, 85.1 The X-ray sourceThe basis of the X-ray source (called X-ray tube) is to accelerate a beam of electrons between two electrodes against a metal target and is shown in Figure 5. The cathode is a coiled tungsten filament, which is crossed by a current which causes the filament to heat up. At high temperatures (2220C), the tungsten releases electrons, a process called thermionic emission. A 15 to 150 kV potential difference is applied between the cathode and the anode, which forces the released electrons to accelerate towards the anode. 10When the electron s hit the anode, they produce X-rays by two ways. On the one hand, when an electron passes near the tungsten nucleus, it is deflected by an attractive electric force (because the nucleus is positively charged and the electron has a negative charge) and loses part of their energy as X-rays. As there are an enormous number of possible interactions and each one leads to a partial derivative loss of kinetic energy, the produced X-rays have a great paradigm of energies, as Figure 5 shows. This process is called bremsstrahlung (i.e. braking radiation). On the other hand, if an electron from the cathode hits and penet order an atom of the anode, it can collide with an inner electron of it, causing the electron to be ejected and the atom to have a hole, which is filled by an outer electron. The difference of binding energy of these two electrons is released as an X-ray. This process is called characteristic radiation, because its energy depends on the binding energy of the electrons, whic h is characteristic of a given material. 10, 9, 15The tube current represents the number of electrons that pass from the cathode to the anode per unit of time. Typical values for CT are from 200 up to chiliad mA. The potential difference between the electrodes is generally of 120 kV, which produces an energy spectrum ranging from 30 to 120 keV. The tube output is the product between the tube current and the voltage between the electrodes and it is desired to have high values because that permits a shorter scan time, which reduces the artifacts due to movement (such as for heart scans). 10, 8Production of X-rays in these tubes is an inefficient process and most of the power supplied to the tube is converted in heating of the anode. So, a heat exchanger is needed to cool the tube. This heat exchanger is placed on the rotating gantry. Spiral CT in particular requires high cooling rates of the X-ray tube and high heat storage capacity. 85.2 CollimatorsThe electron beam released from th e source is a dispersed beam, normally larger than the desired field-of-view (FOV) of the image. Usually, the fan beam width is set for 1 to 10 mm (although recent CT scanner allow submilimetric precision), with determines the width of the imaged slice. The collimator is placed between the source and the patient and is composed by lead sheets to restrict the beam just to the required directions.An X-ray beam larger than the FOV leads to a larger number of X-rays emitted than the ones needed to the scan and that has two problems the radiation dose given to the patient is increased unnecessarily and the number of Compton-scattered radiation increases. 10, 85.3 Antiscatter gridsAn ideal CT system only with primary radiation (x-rays emitted from the source) ambit the detector does not exist and Compton scatter is always present. As this scatter is randomly distributed and has no reclaimable information about the distribution of density of the scanned object, it just contributes to the reduction of image contrast and should be minimized to the maximum. This, because unlike photoelectric effect, Compton effect has a low contrast between tissues.As referred above, collimators are useful to limit the X-ray beam to the FOV. However, even with a collimator, 50% to 90% of the radiation that reaches the detector is secondary radiation. To reduce the Compton scatter, antiscatter grids can be placed between the detector and the patient. 10An antiscatter grid consists of strips of sheets oriented parallel to the primary radiation direction combined with a support of aluminum, which drastically reduces the scatter radiation that has not the direction of the primary one, as illustrated in Figure 6.In order to not lower the image quality because of the grid shade, the strips should be narrow. There is, however, a trade-off between the reduction of scatter radiation (that improve the image contrast) and the dose that must be given to the patient to have the same number of ob serve X-rays. 105.4 DetectorsAt the beginning, single-slice CT scanners with just one source and one detector were used. However, these took much time to acquire an image, reason why the evolution brought us single-source, multiple-detector machinery and multislice systems.The third and fourth generations added a wider X-ray fan beam and a larger number of detectors to the gantry (typically from 512 to 768), which permitted to acquire more information in a smaller time.The detectors used in CT must be highly efficient to minimize the dose given to the patient, have a large dynamic range and be very stable over the time and over temperature variations inside the gantry. Three factors contribute to overall efficiency geometric efficiency (fraction of the total area of detector that is sensitive to radiation), quantum efficiency (the fraction of incident X-rays that is absorbed to contribute to signal) and conversion efficiency (the ability to convert the absorbed X-rays into electrica l signal).These detectors can be of two types (shown in Figure 7) solid-state detectors or gas ionization detectors. Solid-state detectors consist of an array of scintillating crystals and photodiodes, while gas ionization detectors consist of an array of compressed gas chambers to which is applied a high voltage to gather ions produced by radiation in inside the chamber. The gas is unplowed under a high pressure, to maximize interactions between X-rays and gas molecules, which produce electro-ion pairs. 10, 85.5 data-Acquisition SystemThe transmitted fraction of the incident X-ray intensity (I/I0 in equation 1) can be as small as 10-4, reason why DAS must be very accurate over a great range. The role of DAS is to acquire these data and then encode it into digital values and transmit these to computers for reconstruction to begin.DAS make use of many electronic components, such as precision preamplifiers, current-to-voltage converters, analog integrators, multiplexers and analog-t o-digital converters. The logarithmic step needed in equation 3 to get the values of i can be performed with an analog logarithmic amplifier.Data transfer is a crucial step to assure speed to the whole process and used to be done by direct connection between DAS and the computer. However, with the appearance of rotating scanners in third and fourth generations, these transfer rate, which is as high as 10 Mbytes/s is now accomplished by optical transmitters placed on the rotating gantry that send information to fixed optical receivers. 85.6 Computer systemThe data acquisition of the projections, the reconstruction of the signal, the display of the reconstructed data and the manipulation of tomographic images is possible by computer systems used to control the hardware. Current systems consist of 12 processors which achieve 200 MFLOPS (million floating-point trading operations per second) and can reconstruct an image of 10241024 pixels in less than 5 seconds. 86. Signal Processing an d Analyzing techniquesAs data are acquired in several directions (e.g. with increments of 1 or even less) and each direction is split in several distinct points (e.g. 160 or more), at least 28 800 points are stored, which means that there must be efficient mathematical and computational techniques to analyze all this information. A square matrix representing a 2-Dimensional map of the variation of X-ray absorption with the couch is then reconstructed. There are four major techniques to analyze these data, which we will discuss subsequently. 126.1 Simultaneous linear equationsAs it was referred above (Section 4), there is a measure of for each pixel, which means that modern CT scanners deal with 1 048 576 points for each slice (nowadays the matrixes used are 10241024). As a result, to generate the image of one single slice, a system of at least 1 048 576 equations must be solved (one equation for each unknown variable), which means that this technique is totally unusable. In fact, imagine that in 1967, Hounsfield built the first CT scanner, which took 9 days to acquire the data of a single slice and 21 hours to compute the equations (and by the time, the matrix had only 28 000 entries). Besides, nowadays CT scanners acquire about 50% more measures than it would be needed in order to reduce noise and artifacts, which would require even more computational resources. 16, 11, 86.2 IterativeThese techniques try to calculate the final image by small adjustments based on the acquired measures. Three major variations of this method can be found Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART), Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique (SIRT) and Iterative Least-Squares Technique (ILST). These variations differ only in the way corrections are made ray-by-ray, pixel-by-pixel or the entire data simultaneously, respectively.In ART as an example, data of one angular position are divided into equally spaced elements along each ray. Then, these data are compared with analogou s data from another angular position and the differences between X-ray attenuation are added equally to the fitting elements. Basically, for each measure, the system tries to found out how each pixel value can be modified to agree with the particular measure that is being analyzed. In order to adjust measures with pixel values, if the sum of the entries along one direction is lower than the data-based measure for that direction, all the pixels are increased. Otherwise, if the sum of the entries is higher than the measured attenuation, pixels are decreased in value. By repeating this iterative cycle, we will progressively decrease the error in pixels, until we get an accurate image. ART was used in the first commercial scanner in 1972, but it is no longer used because iterative methods are usually slow. Besides, this method implies that all data must be acquired before the reconstruction begins. 9, 166.3 Filtered backprojectionBackprojection is a formal mathematical technique that re constructs the image based only on the projection of the object onto image planes in different directions. Each direction is given the same weight and the overall linear attenuation coefficient is generated by the sum of attenuation in each X-ray path that intersects the object from different angular positions. In a simpler manner, backprojection can be constructed by smearing each objects view back trough the image plane in the direction it was registered. When this processed is finished for all the elements of the anatomic section, one obtains a merged image of the linear attenuation coefficients, which is itself a crude reconstruction of the scanned object.An illustration of this technique is represented in Figure 8. By its analysis, it is also idle that the final image is blurred, which means that this technique needs a little improvement, which is given by filtered backprojection. 12, 9, 16Filtered backprojection is therefore used to correct the blurring resultant from simple backprojection. It consists of applying a filter kernel to each of the 1-Dimensional projections of the object. That is done by convolving a deblurring function with the X-ray transmission data before they are projected. The filter removes from data the frequencies of the X-ray responsible for most of the blurring. As we can see in Figure 8, the filter has two significant effects. On the one hand, it levels the top of the pulse, making the signal uniform within it. On the other hand, it negatively spikes the sides of the pulse, so these negative neighborhoods will neutralize the blurring effect.As a result, the image produced by this technique is arranged with the scanned object, if an infinite number of views and an infinite number of points per view are acquired. 16, 9Compared with the two previous methods this process has also the advantage that reconstruction can begins at the same time that data are being acquired and that is one of the reasons why it is one of the most popula r methods nowadays. 96.4 Fourier reconstructionThe last signal processing technique that will be discussed in this monograph is the Fourier reconstruction which consists of analyzing data in the frequency domain instead of the spatial domain. For this, one takes each angular orientation of the X-ray attenuation pattern and decomposes it on its frequency components. In the frequency domain, the scanned image is seen as a 2-Dimensional grid, over which we place a dark line for the spectrum of each view, as Figure 9 shows.To reconstruct the image, one has to take the 1-Dimensional Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Then, according to the Fourier Slice Theorem, each views spectrum is identical to the values of one line (slice) through the image spectrum, assuring that, in the grid, each view has the same angle that was originally acquired. Finally, the inverse FFT of the image spectrum is used to achieve a reconstruction of the scanned object.7. Data DisplayAs it was said earlier (Section 6) , linear attenuation coefficients give us a crude image of the object. In fact, they can be verbalized in dB/cm, but as they are dependent on the incident radiation energy, CT scanning does not use the attenuation coefficients to represent the image, but instead it uses integer numbers called CT numbers. These are occasionally, but unofficially, called Hounsfield units and have the following relation with the linear attenuation coefficientswhere is the linear attenuation coefficient of each pixel and w is the linear attenuation coefficient of water.This CT number depends clearly on the medium. For human applications, we may consider that CT number varies from -1000 for air and 1000 for bone, with CT number of 0 for water, as it is easily seen from equation 5. 9, 13, 4, 12The CT numbers of the scanned object are then presented on the monitor as a grey scale. As shown in Figure 10, CT numbers have a large range and as human eye cannot distinguish so many types of grays, it is usuall y used a window to show a smaller range of CT numbers, depending on what it is desired to see. The Window Width (WW) identifies the range of CT numbers and consequently alters the contrast (as Figures 11 and 12 show), whereas Window Level (WL) sets the centre of the window and, therefore, select which structures are seen. The lowest CT number of the window, which corresponds to the lowest density tissue, is represented in black and the highest Ct number (highest density tissue) is represented in white.8. Radiation DoseAs it can easily be understood, radiation dose given to the patient is dependent on the resolution of the scanner and its contrast, as well as